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June 9, 2026

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Based on โ€œIn โ€˜View From the East Wing,โ€™ Jill Biden reflects on the debate that changed historyโ€ from NPR Podcasts Watch the original video

The East Wing Unfiltered: Jill Biden Reflects on a Presidencyโ€™s End and a Motherโ€™s Fight

Episode summary

Jill Bidenโ€™s memoir, View from the East Wing, offers an intimate look into Joe Bidenโ€™s presidency, particularly the tumultuous period leading to his decision not to seek re-election. She recounts a pivotal debate where Joe Biden admitted, โ€œI really effed up, didnโ€™t I?โ€ and her agreement, โ€œYes, you did.โ€ Despite never doubting his fitness, the widespread Democratic sentiment convinced them to step aside, leading to a deeply emotional phone call with Kamala Harris that forced Jill from the room, overwhelmed by the weight of their 50 years in public service.

On-screen text shows a quote from the book where President Biden admits, 'I really effed up, didn't I?'

On-screen text shows a quote from the book where President Biden admits, โ€˜I really effed up, didnโ€™t I?โ€™

Biden also details the immense personal toll of Hunterโ€™s trial, where she juggled First Lady duties in France with being a mother in Delaware. She believes the familyโ€™s efforts to appear impartial ultimately led to a โ€œworst possible fateโ€ for Hunter, fearing retribution under a potential Trump presidency, which ultimately swayed Joeโ€™s decision. Her advice for future First Ladies is to โ€œdo it your own way,โ€ emphasizing authenticity over conforming to predecessors.

Few individuals possess a vantage point as intimate and revealing into the American presidency as the First Lady. Dr. Jill Biden, often an understated yet undeniably central figure, steps forward from her traditional role as a โ€œkey observerโ€ to offer an unparalleled look into the inner workings of power, the personal sacrifices, and the profound emotional toll of public service in her new memoir, View from the East Wing. In a candid conversation with NPRโ€™s Scott Detrow, Dr. Biden pulls back the curtain on some of the most challenging moments of her husband Joe Bidenโ€™s presidency, from a pivotal debate that reshaped history to the deeply personal struggle of her son Hunterโ€™s legal battles.

The cover of Dr. Jill Biden's new memoir, View from the East Wing, is shown, highlighting the book's title.

The cover of Dr. Jill Bidenโ€™s new memoir, View from the East Wing, is shown, highlighting the bookโ€™s title.

The Weight of a Campaignโ€™s End

The period leading up to the 2024 presidential election was a maelstrom of political uncertainty, particularly for the Democratic Party. As calls for then-President Joe Biden to end his campaign for a second term reached a fever pitch, the pressure cooker of Washington reached a boiling point. Dr. Biden recounts a moment that would become etched in their familyโ€™s history: walking off stage with her husband after a critical debate. โ€œI really effed up, didnโ€™t I?โ€ President Biden asked, a raw admission of a performance he knew had fallen short. Jill Bidenโ€™s response was equally stark: โ€œYes, you did.โ€

A video clip of Joe Biden speaking at a debate, showing the moment that led to his self-criticism.

A video clip of Joe Biden speaking at a debate, showing the moment that led to his self-criticism.

While this moment became a flashpoint for critics, Dr. Biden asserts that she never once questioned her husbandโ€™s fitness for office, either before or after that debate. Yet, as the summer weeks progressed, the reality became undeniable: a significant portion of the Democratic Party disagreed. The weight of this collective sentiment led to a decision that would reshape the political landscape: Joe Bidenโ€™s withdrawal from the race and his swift endorsement of Vice President Kamala Harris.

The day of that announcement, Dr. Biden reveals, was profoundly difficult. She describes the overwhelming โ€œswirl of it allโ€ โ€“ the logistics, the strategy, the sheer magnitude of ending a presidential campaign after half a century in public service. During her husbandโ€™s phone call with Vice President Harris to discuss the endorsement, Jill Biden found herself unable to stay in the room. โ€œI was overwhelmed,โ€ she confessed. โ€œYou have to remember, heโ€™s my husband. I love him. And to watch what he was going throughโ€ฆ it just got too much.โ€ It wasnโ€™t about any perceived wrongdoing on Harrisโ€™s part, but rather the sheer emotional burden of witnessing her husbandโ€™s public journey reach such a painful juncture.

The conversation also delved into the broader political landscape, particularly the aftermath of the election that saw Kamala Harris lose despite Joe Bidenโ€™s endorsement. Vice President Harris had reportedly expressed that she might have had a better chance with more time to campaign, a sentiment Dr. Biden addressed with characteristic humility. โ€œIโ€™m not a political pundit,โ€ she stated, admitting, โ€œI donโ€™t know.โ€

However, her personal experience on the campaign trail painted a different picture. Having campaigned โ€œall over the countryโ€ for Harris, Dr. Biden witnessed firsthand the โ€œenthusiasmโ€ and โ€œexcitement.โ€ So convinced was she of a victory that she went to bed on election night believing Harris would win, only to be โ€œshockedโ€ by the morning news.

When asked why America ultimately chose to put President Trump back in the White House, Dr. Biden offered a simple, honest โ€œno idea.โ€ The political machinations, she implied, often defy easy explanation, even for those at the very heart of power. Looking back at the tumultuous 2023-2024 period, Dr. Biden described it as โ€œa dark period in our lives.โ€ The pain extended beyond just her and Joe, deeply affecting their grandchildren. โ€œIt was really hurtful,โ€ she reflected, lamenting that โ€œpeople we considered to be friends or supporters said such hurtful things.โ€ Itโ€™s a poignant reminder of the personal cost of public life, where even loyalty can prove fragile under political duress.

The Unwavering Mother, The Dutiful First Lady

Beyond the political arena, Dr. Biden shared deeply personal insights into another intensely challenging period: the week she juggled her official duties as First Lady in France with attending her son Hunterโ€™s trial in Delaware. The demanding schedule, shuttling across continents, underscored her unwavering commitment to both roles. โ€œFirst and foremost, Iโ€™m Hunterโ€™s mother,โ€ she asserted, explaining her absolute necessity to be there for him. Yet, her understanding of her public responsibilities was equally firm: โ€œI also knew I was First Lady. And I was expected to carry out my duties as First Lady. And I did.โ€

A particularly striking revelation came from a chapter in her book where she wrote, โ€œIn the end, working so hard to be impartial, we guaranteed that Hunter would meet the worst possible fate.โ€ Dr. Biden elaborated on this powerful statement, expressing her belief that the legal process was โ€œjust so unfair to Hunter.โ€ She explained that Joeโ€™s commitment to not interfering with the Justice Department, in an effort to appear impartial, paradoxically left Hunter vulnerable. This vulnerability was compounded by the election of Donald Trump, who openly vowed retribution and declared his intent to see Hunter Biden in jail.

โ€œHe said there was going to be retribution. He said he wanted Hunter Biden in jail,โ€ Dr. Biden recounted, her voice conveying the palpable fear and injustice they felt. This political weaponization of the legal process, she implied, changed everything. It was this looming threat, the certainty that fairness would be impossible under a Trump administration, that led to a significant shift in their approach. โ€œJoe changed his mind,โ€ she confirmed, emphasizing, โ€œHe truly changed his mindโ€ about how to navigate the situation, realizing that his previous stance of strict non-interference, intended to uphold integrity, had become a liability in a politicized environment. The implication is that the family, particularly Joe, recognized the need to protect Hunter from what they perceived as an unjust and politically motivated prosecution, even if it meant adjusting their previous approach to the Justice Departmentโ€™s independence.

On-screen text quotes Donald Trump's statement, 'He said he wanted Hunter Biden in jail,' emphasizing the political threat.

On-screen text quotes Donald Trumpโ€™s statement, โ€˜He said he wanted Hunter Biden in jail,โ€™ emphasizing the political threat.

A View from the East Wing: Reflections on a Unique Role

Having served as Second Lady for eight years and a Senate spouse for decades prior, Dr. Biden brought a unique depth of experience to the role of First Lady. Yet, she found the reality of the position โ€œcompletely differentโ€ from what she expected. The responsibilities, expectations, and security protocols were on a โ€œmuch higher level.โ€ She spoke with admiration of Michelle Obama, observing how gracefully and with such โ€œpoiseโ€ she navigated the role, thrown into it and performing โ€œbeautifully.โ€

A photograph of Michelle Obama is displayed, illustrating Dr. Biden's admiration for her predecessor's grace and poise.

A photograph of Michelle Obama is displayed, illustrating Dr. Bidenโ€™s admiration for her predecessorโ€™s grace and poise.

Looking ahead, with President Trump term-limited, there will be a new First Lady or First Gentleman in the White House in a few years. Dr. Bidenโ€™s advice to them, regardless of political affiliation or gender, is simple yet profound: โ€œDo it your own way. I mean, be authentic to yourself.โ€ She emphasized that each First Lady, from Barbara Bush to Laura Bush, Hillary Clinton to Michelle Obama, and even Melania Trump, has approached the role uniquely, pursuing their own initiatives and leaving their distinct mark. โ€œItโ€™s her way,โ€ she concluded, advocating for a path defined by individuality and personal conviction.

Dr. Jill Bidenโ€™s View from the East Wing is more than just a memoir; itโ€™s a testament to the complex tapestry of public life, where personal devotion intertwines with political ambition, and where the human heart often bears the heaviest burden. Her unfiltered reflections offer a rare glimpse into the sacrifices, the heartbreaks, and the unwavering resilience required to stand by a president, a family, and a nation.

A split screen shows Dr. Jill Biden in France with President Macron, then at Hunter's trial, illustrating her dual roles.

A split screen shows Dr. Jill Biden in France with President Macron, then at Hunterโ€™s trial, illustrating her dual roles.


Based on โ€œCongressional Republicans Try a New Approach: Telling Trump Noโ€ from New York Times Podcasts Watch the original video

No More Mr. Nice Guy: Why Congressional Republicans Are Finally Saying โ€˜Noโ€™ to Trump

Episode summary

Congressional Republicans are, for the first time in Trumpโ€™s second term, actively rebelling against the president, a stark departure from their previous โ€œsubservience.โ€ This shift is vividly illustrated by their forceful rejection of Trumpโ€™s โ€œweaponization fund,โ€ a nearly $2 billion initiative to compensate alleged victims of government overreach, which many feared would benefit January 6th rioters. Their defiance also extended to the war in Iran, with swing-district Republicans and โ€œYOLO Caucusโ€ members (those who lost primaries due to Trumpโ€™s intervention, like Senator Bill Cassidy) crossing party lines to pass War Powers Resolutions, demanding congressional authorization for continued military action.

This newfound independence stems from a realization that Trumpโ€™s actions, such as intervening in primaries against popular incumbents like Senator John Cornyn, are detrimental to the partyโ€™s midterm election prospects. While the โ€œYOLO Caucusโ€ provides a temporary, potent force, the long-term durability of this rebellion remains uncertain. Republicans are now balancing their desire to defy Trump with their broader party agenda, pushing back where Trumpโ€™s interests diverge from their own, marking a new, albeit potentially fragile, dynamic in Washington.

For much of President Trumpโ€™s second term, the prevailing narrative around Capitol Hill was one of a Republican-controlled Congress willingly ceding its power. Lawmakers, it seemed, had chosen subservience, leading many to question whether a co-equal branch of government had effectively rendered itself irrelevant. Yet, in a striking turn of events over the past few weeks, a quiet rebellion has begun to bubble up among congressional Republicans, challenging the president on issues ranging from foreign policy to the use of taxpayer money.

This isnโ€™t just subtle recalcitrance; itโ€™s a profound shift that signals a new, albeit potentially temporary, dynamic in Washington. As congressional editor Julie Davis explains, Republicans are slowly but surely waking up to the reality that unbending loyalty to Trump is no longer serving their own political interests.

The Era of Unquestioning Deference

In the initial months of Trumpโ€™s second term, the degree to which Republicans deferred to him was, frankly, surprising. They not only refused to challenge him but actively relinquished their power on key issues. Spending, trade, tariffs, and even foreign policy โ€“ areas Congress typically guards jealously as its own prerogatives โ€“ were handed over to the White House. It was, as one observer put it, โ€œlike a kid in the playground saying, โ€˜Take this toy. Take this toy. Take this shovel. Take this truck.โ€™โ€ Republicans found every possible way to avoid voting on contentious issues, preferring to let the administration take the lead.

On-screen text lists 'Spending, Trade, Tariffs, Foreign Policy' as areas Congress ceded power.

On-screen text lists โ€˜Spending, Trade, Tariffs, Foreign Policyโ€™ as areas Congress ceded power.

This era of deference, however, appears to be drawing to a close. Recent weeks have seen unusual and rare resistance. Republicans are now refusing to act on priority legislation for Trump, rejecting his timelines, stripping proposals from bills, and, in some cases, actively using their power to push back. Itโ€™s as if the children in the playground, after months of obedience, are finally saying, โ€œNo, Daddy, weโ€™re not going to do this for you.โ€

The Seeds of Rebellion: Midterm Fears and Primary Punishments

The roots of this congressional uprising extend beyond any single policy dispute. They lie deep within the Republican Partyโ€™s anxieties about the upcoming midterm elections and President Trumpโ€™s increasingly disruptive interventions in their primaries.

Republicans are just months away from defending their majorities in both chambers, and they face an uphill battle. A growing number of lawmakers are realizing that many of Trumpโ€™s actions are counter to their own political survival. The president, they feel, is making the midterms about himself and his desire for revenge, rather than the partyโ€™s collective good.

A stark example of this came with Trumpโ€™s intervention in Republican primaries. In Louisiana, he endorsed a challenger against Senator Bill Cassidy, a popular incumbent who chairs the health committee. Cassidy, despite having voted to convict Trump during his impeachment trial after January 6th, had spent years trying to ingratiate himself with the former president. Trump, however, decided he wanted him out โ€“ and succeeded.

A graphic shows Senator Bill Cassidy, highlighting his vote to convict Trump and subsequent primary challenge.

A graphic shows Senator Bill Cassidy, highlighting his vote to convict Trump and subsequent primary challenge.

Even more stinging for many Republicans was Trumpโ€™s intervention in the Texas Senate primary. Senator John Cornyn, a loyal Republican, was facing a competitive runoff against Ken Paxton, the stateโ€™s attorney general. Days before the primary, Trump weighed in, endorsing Paxton. This news hit Republicans on the Hill โ€œlike a bomb.โ€ Cornyn was seen as the stronger candidate to win the general election without draining precious party resources needed elsewhere.

A graphic displays Senator John Cornyn and Ken Paxton, noting Trump's endorsement of Paxton.

A graphic displays Senator John Cornyn and Ken Paxton, noting Trumpโ€™s endorsement of Paxton.

The mood soured considerably. Republicans began to feel that Trumpโ€™s agenda was becoming less popular with voters, and that his actions were primarily โ€œfor himself and not for the good of the party.โ€ Adding insult to injury, both Cassidy and Cornyn had voted with Trump over 90% of the time. This felt like a betrayal: subservience was being rewarded with punishment. The question naturally arose: โ€œWhy should they keep being subservient?โ€ The very day Cassidy returned to the Capitol after his primary defeat, he received a standing ovation from his Republican colleagues โ€“ a clear message: โ€œYouโ€™re our guy, even if youโ€™re not President Trumpโ€™s.โ€

The โ€œWeaponization Fundโ€: A Bridge Too Far

It was against this backdrop of simmering resentment that the Trump administration announced, without any prior consultation with Capitol Hill Republicans, the creation of a nearly $2 billion โ€œanti-weaponization fund.โ€ The administration claimed the fund was for โ€œvictims of overzealous government prosecution,โ€ but the clear implication was that it would compensate people loyal to President Trump, potentially including those who stormed the Capitol on January 6th.

This proposal landed โ€œlike a ton of bricksโ€ on Republicans. โ€œThis doesnโ€™t pass the smell test,โ€ remarked one lawmaker. โ€œThis is just stupid on stilts,โ€ declared another. The idea of using federal money to pay individuals involved in the January 6th attack was particularly galling for many Republicans who were themselves in the Capitol that day, running for their lives. Both personally and politically, they realized this was โ€œnot a good lookโ€ and something they would struggle to defend to voters.

The timing couldnโ€™t have been worse. President Trump had also set a June 1st deadline for Congress to deliver a massive $70 billion immigration enforcement bill, a signature agenda item. Republicans quickly realized they wouldnโ€™t be able to muster the votes for the immigration bill if the weaponization fund remained on the table. They needed Trump to reverse course or find a legislative way to block him.

An attempt by acting Attorney General Todd Blanche to โ€œassuage concernsโ€ about the fund during a closed-door meeting with Republicans quickly devolved into โ€œone of the roughest meetingsโ€ many had seen in the Senate. It was a โ€œcomplete blow up,โ€ making it clear the fund was a โ€œcomplete non-starter.โ€ Republicans called off the vote on the immigration bill and left for Memorial Day weekend, declaring they could not move forward. Canceling a vote on a presidential priority, after years of immediate compliance, was a โ€œdeclaration of independence.โ€

A news clip shows a reporter describing a heated meeting with Attorney General Todd Blanche.

A news clip shows a reporter describing a heated meeting with Attorney General Todd Blanche.

Not long after, Trump, when asked if he was losing control of Senate Republicans, simply replied, โ€œI donโ€™t know.โ€ But evidence of his weakening grip was mounting. Republicans also quietly dropped funding for his beloved โ€œballroom projectโ€ from a bill, a not-so-subtle brush-off.

The pressure worked. A court ruling temporarily blocking the fund provided further impetus, and within days, the administration backed down, with the Justice Department announcing they would not challenge the courtโ€™s decision. But Republicans, their trust eroded, went a step further. They demanded an โ€œon-the-record disavowalโ€ and assurance that the fund would โ€œnever return.โ€ Todd Blanche was then compelled to testify under oath that the fund was dead, period. This was the โ€œhigh-water markโ€ of the Republican rebellion, demonstrating their willingness to use leverage to kill a presidential initiative.

A Second Front: The War in Iran

The pushback didnโ€™t end with the weaponization fund. Another major target emerged: President Trumpโ€™s war in Iran. Since late February, Democrats had been repeatedly forcing โ€œwar powers votesโ€ โ€“ resolutions demanding congressional authorization for continued military action. While largely symbolic (Trump had declared them unconstitutional and vowed vetoes), these votes were crucial for registering congressional skepticism and reasserting Congressโ€™s constitutional role in matters of war. For months, Republican leadership had argued against these resolutions, urging Congress to โ€œstep back.โ€

Then, the tide began to turn. A few days after losing his primary, Senator Bill Cassidy, now a โ€œlame duck,โ€ switched his vote on a War Powers Resolution in the Senate, joining Democrats and pushing it over the top. โ€œI actually support the goals that the president initially laid out,โ€ Cassidy stated, โ€œand it was going to be two weeks. Well, obviously going longer than two weeks. So just tell the American people thatโ€™s where we are on this.โ€

This was a remarkable moment, indicating growing dissent about a conflict that many saw as a political liability. Soon after, a similar resolution came up in the House, a more conservative body with tighter leadership control. Yet, enough Republicans defected to pass the resolution, demanding Trump withdraw forces or seek authorization. These key crossover votes came from Republicans in competitive districts, concerned about the warโ€™s length, cost, and its impact on gas prices and their re-election chances. The message was clear: the president was โ€œnot looking out for the best interests of the Republican Party.โ€

The โ€œYolo Caucusโ€ and a New Coalition

This unexpected pushback is driven by an interesting coalition of Republicans. On one side are the โ€œswing district Republicansโ€ โ€“ lawmakers like Senator Susan Collins, Brian Fitzpatrick, and Tom Barrett โ€“ who are acutely sensitive to voter sentiment and the political costs of unpopular policies.

A graphic categorizes Republicans into 'Swing District Republicans' and the 'Yolo Caucus'.

A graphic categorizes Republicans into โ€˜Swing District Republicansโ€™ and the โ€˜Yolo Caucusโ€™.

On the other side is whatโ€™s been dubbed the โ€œYolo Caucusโ€ (You Only Live Once). These are the โ€œlame ducksโ€ โ€“ Republicans like Bill Cassidy and Tom Massie (who also voted for the War Powers Act after losing his primary) โ€“ who have been targeted and ousted by Trump. Having nothing left to lose politically, they are now unbendingly loyal to no one but themselves. They are willing to push back on a president โ€œnot used to being resisted.โ€

While the โ€œYolo Caucusโ€ provides a potent, fearless voice, their impact is inherently temporary. They will be replaced by the end of the year, potentially by new lawmakers more loyal to the president. This raises the ultimate question about the durability of this resistance.

How Durable is the Rebellion?

The current rebellion has emerged from a unique convergence of circumstances: Trump ousting popular incumbents, the outrage over the weaponization fund, and growing anxieties about the Iran war and the midterms. These arenโ€™t everyday occurrences. So, how likely are congressional Republicans to snap back into their subservient roles?

Recent events offer a mixed picture. Republicans did ultimately pass the $70 billion immigration bill Trump wanted. However, when Democrats offered amendments to specifically codify a ban on the weaponization fund or block funding for Trumpโ€™s ballroom project, Republicans found ways to block them, indicating theyโ€™re not yet ready to permanently enshrine defiance into law.

Yet, a โ€œvot-a-ramaโ€ with a series of amendments showed a โ€œmood in their ranks which hasnโ€™t really existed before to resist what the president is demanding of them.โ€ Republicans were willing to cast votes against the ballroom project and other Trump priorities, even if these amendments ultimately failed.

The emerging consensus is that Republicans are not willing to derail their own partyโ€™s agenda in the service of defying Trump. Their primary goal remains doing โ€œwhat they think is best for themselves and the party.โ€ Where their agendas overlap with Trumpโ€™s, they will cooperate. But where there is โ€œdaylightโ€ โ€“ especially as November approaches โ€“ they will push back and rebel. This marks a new chapter in the complex relationship between President Trump and the Republican Congress. The question is no longer if Congress is โ€œover,โ€ but how much it will assert itself, and for how long.

On-screen text announces a '$1.776 Billion Anti-Weaponization Fund'.

On-screen text announces a โ€˜$1.776 Billion Anti-Weaponization Fundโ€™.


Based on โ€œHow to understand your dreams & nightmares | The Gray Areaโ€ from Vox Watch the original video

Your Brainโ€™s Night Shift: Unraveling the Mysteries of Dreams and Nightmares

Episode summary

Dreams are our sleeping form of consciousness, a fluid and mysterious processing of experiences that continues while we sleep, according to sleep researcher Michelle Carr. Modern neuroscience supports the Freudian idea that dreams process emotions, even repressed ones, acting as โ€œovernight therapyโ€ by allowing the brain to engage with emotional conflicts in an adaptive way. This is why actively trying not to think about a problem before bed often leads to dreaming about it, helping to process it.

An animated graphic depicting a brain processing emotional memories during sleep, illustrating 'overnight therapy'.

An animated graphic depicting a brain processing emotional memories during sleep, illustrating โ€˜overnight therapyโ€™.

While dreams are often incoherent and forgotten, making them seem useless, this doesnโ€™t diminish their impact. Nightmares, often tied to trauma and recurring themes like tidal waves symbolizing overwhelming helplessness, are a vivid example of this processing. Lucid dreaming, where one becomes aware of dreaming, offers a practical way to gain agency and control within these intense experiences, potentially transforming distressing nightmares into more adaptive resolutions.

In our waking lives, we often perceive consciousness as a straightforward experience โ€“ a clear, concrete engagement with the world around us. We see, we hear, we think, and we interact, believing our reality to be undeniably solid. Yet, according to dream scientist Michelle Carr, the true nature of our conscious experience might be far more akin to dreaming itself: fluid, mysterious, and profoundly hard to define.

A striking visual of a brain rendered with glowing neural pathways, representing the mysterious nature of consciousness.

A striking visual of a brain rendered with glowing neural pathways, representing the mysterious nature of consciousness.

Carr, a leading voice in dream research, posits that dreaming isnโ€™t merely a byproduct of sleep but rather our โ€œsleeping form of consciousness.โ€ Just as our minds are active, processing, feeling, and perceiving throughout the day, this intricate processing continues as we sleep. โ€œItโ€™s how we experience being alive while asleep,โ€ she explains, suggesting that dreams play a crucial role in helping us sort through memories and experiences in a meaningful way.

Dreams as the Brainโ€™s Overnight Therapist

The traditional view, often associated with figures like Freud, suggests dreams are symbolic gateways to unconscious emotions. Modern neuroscience, Carr reveals, largely supports this idea, albeit with a more nuanced understanding. Research indicates that during sleep, particularly in dream states, our brains actively process a wealth of emotions and thoughts that we might suppress or overlook during waking hours.

This isnโ€™t just about repressing negative emotions; itโ€™s about processing all emotions. Studies show that if you actively try to avoid thinking about a problem before sleep โ€“ be it a personal conflict or a stressful situation โ€“ youโ€™re more likely to dream about it. Dreaming about these stressful events can be adaptive, helping us to process them and gain new perspectives. Carr describes this function as โ€œovernight therapy,โ€ where REM sleep reactivates emotional events and memories in a mental state that facilitates processing them more easily than in waking life. The brain, functioning differently in dreams, allows for a more loose and fluid connection of thoughts and emotions, bringing emotional conflicts and stressors to the surface in an adaptive way.

Simulations, Recollections, and Reorganization

Beyond emotional processing, dreams also serve as a sophisticated simulation tool. One prominent theory, the โ€œsimulation model of dreaming,โ€ proposes that dreams allow us to re-experience past memories while also presenting us with โ€œall sorts of new versions.โ€ Dreams donโ€™t just replay memories; they create novel scenarios, offering variations on experiences we might encounter in the future. This gives dreams a dual quality of both recollection and imagination.

Carr elaborates on this, explaining that dreams draw from โ€œpieces of memory, not like entire episodes or even characters.โ€ Itโ€™s common to dream of familiar people, but their visual representation might be an amalgamation of others โ€“ your mother, for instance, might appear with the face of a friend or a stranger. This phenomenon, particularly during REM sleep, is attributed to โ€œexcessive activation in cortical areas of the brain where memories are stored,โ€ leading to broad associations between things that wouldnโ€™t typically connect in waking life. While awake, our memory networks are more restricted; in REM sleep, connections spread widely, allowing for new ideas and concepts to associate freely.

The brain isnโ€™t just recalling memories; itโ€™s reorganizing them. In non-REM sleep, the brain seems to strengthen specific memories, ensuring we retain what we learned during the day. But during dreaming, these recent memories often associate with older ones, from a week ago or even years past. This process, Carr suggests, reflects a broader function of sleep: integrating new memories into our existing autobiographical network, contextualizing current experiences within our lifeโ€™s narrative.

The Stages of Sleep and the Fragility of Dreams

While REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep is famously associated with the most vivid, emotionally intense, and perceptually rich dreams, Carr clarifies that dreaming occurs in every phase of sleep. Though people often feel โ€œdeeply asleepโ€ during REM, itโ€™s actually a highly active phase where brain activity mirrors wakefulness, accompanied by rapid eye movements, changes in heart rate, and muscle twitches. Non-REM dreams, more common earlier in the night, tend to be more โ€œthought-like,โ€ feeling less immersive, sometimes even just a general sense of consciousness without a distinct narrative.

Given the apparent utility of dreams, why do we forget them so easily? This question, Carr notes, has historically led to dreams being dismissed as insignificant. Most people remember only fleeting fragments, if anything, upon waking. Carr challenges this assumption, arguing that forgetting doesnโ€™t equate to uselessness. One theory suggests that the bizarre and incoherent nature of dreams might be confusing to the waking mind, so forgetting them serves to keep our waking and inner lives separate. Another explanation could be purely biological: the brain state during sleep might simply not be conducive to strong memory encoding. Yet, just as waking experiences impact us even if forgotten, dreams, as a form of consciousness, undoubtedly leave their mark.

Decoding the โ€œUrgent Messagesโ€

Many people treat their dreams as urgent messages from their subconscious, demanding interpretation. While Carr acknowledges that โ€œa lot of dreaming is completely random,โ€ research suggests that engaging with dreams can indeed yield personal insight, creativity, and problem-solving abilities. Discussing dreams, particularly using specific methods, has been shown to generate more insight than discussing waking memories. The precise origin of this insight โ€“ whether directly from the dreamโ€™s โ€œmessageโ€ or from the reflective process itself โ€“ remains elusive, but the benefit is clear.

The Shadow Side: Nightmares

If dreams are โ€œovernight therapy,โ€ what then are nightmares, which seem to be the antithesis of healing? Carr cites Ernest Hartman, who argued that nightmares are often the most important and useful type of dream. Nightmares are strongly correlated with adverse experiences, trauma, and severe emotional events, often featuring recurring themes that symbolize overwhelming emotions. For instance, people who have experienced trauma might dream of being overwhelmed by a tidal wave, embodying feelings of helplessness, not a literal tidal wave experience.

Nightmares are the brainโ€™s attempt to work through difficult emotions. However, their intensity and stress often lead to waking the dreamer before any adaptive processing can fully occur. This creates a loop, disrupting sleep and preventing the โ€œtherapyโ€ from completing. Frequent, distressing nightmares are not benign; they are linked to various psychiatric symptoms, increased suicide risk, and even physical health issues like cardiovascular disease and higher cortisol levels. The disruption they cause transforms sleep from a source of recovery into one of chronic stress.

Common dream themes, like teeth falling out or flying, are also explored. While some might be symbolic, Carr points out that others could have physical roots. The sensation of teeth falling out might be linked to teeth grinding, while the feeling of being unable to move or control oneโ€™s body in a dream could stem from the brain processing the physical reality of being horizontal and immobile in bed. During nightmares, physiological responses such as increased heart rate, respiration, and muscle twitches often occur, indicating that the body reacts to the dreamโ€™s threat as if it were real.

Harnessing the Dream World: Lucid Dreaming

One of the most intriguing aspects of dream research is lucid dreaming โ€“ the state of becoming aware that youโ€™re dreaming while still within the dream. This awareness unlocks incredible possibilities, granting the dreamer agency and control. For those plagued by nightmares, lucid dreaming can be transformative. Realizing โ€œthis is just a dreamโ€ can alleviate distress and empower the dreamer to change the narrative, turning a terrifying experience into an opportunity for control and adaptation.

For those eager to experience lucid dreaming, Carr offers practical advice:

  1. Dream Journaling: Note recurring bizarre elements in your dreams (e.g., flying, a deceased pet appearing). These โ€œdream signsโ€ serve as clues.
  2. Intention Setting and Visualization: Before falling asleep, spend 20 minutes visualizing yourself becoming lucid. Rehearse recognizing a dream sign and realizing youโ€™re dreaming.

The challenge, however, is the extreme fragility of dream memory. Even highly vivid dreams can vanish within minutes of waking. Research labs use gentle waking protocols, instructing participants not to move or open their eyes, to maximize recall. Carr suggests trying to recall dreams from the prior night when back in bed, as memories can be associatively triggered like smells.

In the lab, lucid dreamers can communicate with researchers. By instructing them to perform specific eye movements (e.g., left-right three times), scientists can confirm lucidity. Lucid dreamers can also control facial expressions in their dreams, which are reflected physically, demonstrating a unique interface between the dreaming mind and the physical body. While the brain state remains that of REM sleep, the ability to respond and communicate blurs the lines between waking and dreaming consciousness.

Lucid dreaming is also gaining traction as a learning tool. Anecdotal reports from elite athletes and musicians suggest they use it to practice skills, visualizing specific movements or performances. Experiments have shown that practicing simple tasks, like throwing darts or playing a harmonica, within a lucid dream can improve memory consolidation and actual performance after sleep.

While the idea of controlling dreams might raise concerns about interrupting their natural purpose, Carr reassures that for the vast majority, the level of control is minimal. Most who try intensely might experience lucidity once a week, a small fraction of their total sleep time. The impact is generally positive, allowing for intentional visualization before sleep to influence dream content, whether for problem-solving, creativity, or transforming nightmares into more adaptive experiences.

Consciousness Revealed

Ultimately, dreams offer a profound window into the nature of consciousness itself. Our waking perception of a concrete, straightforward reality might be an illusion. Dreams, with their fluid, associative, and mysterious qualities, reveal a deeper truth about our moment-by-moment experience. The โ€œghost of Freudโ€ might indeed be smiling, as Carr acknowledges the enduring utility of his concept of the โ€œroyal road to the unconscious.โ€ While the precise mechanisms remain elusive, the existence of dream science and the work of researchers like Michelle Carr continue to unravel the fascinating, impactful, and deeply personal mysteries of our sleeping minds.

A visual representation of a person's face morphing between different individuals, illustrating how dreams amalgamate memories.

A visual representation of a personโ€™s face morphing between different individuals, illustrating how dreams amalgamate memories.

A visual of a large tidal wave engulfing a landscape, symbolizing overwhelming emotions from trauma.

A visual of a large tidal wave engulfing a landscape, symbolizing overwhelming emotions from trauma.

A split screen showing a person flying in a dream on one side and a journal with 'dream signs' written on the other.

A split screen showing a person flying in a dream on one side and a journal with โ€˜dream signsโ€™ written on the other.

A diagram showing a person in REM sleep with electrodes, demonstrating eye movement signals used to confirm lucidity.

A diagram showing a person in REM sleep with electrodes, demonstrating eye movement signals used to confirm lucidity.


Based on โ€œInside the $200 Billion Mormon Empire. (full documentary)โ€ from Johnny Harris Watch the original video

The Audacious Vision: How Joseph Smith Forged a Spiritual Empire

Episode summary

Johnny Harris, a former Mormon, meticulously unpacks the origins of the $200 billion Mormon empire, arguing it began with Joseph Smithโ€™s unique blend of 19th-century American religious fervor, folk magic, and treasure hunting. Smith, an uneducated farm kid, claimed a โ€œFirst Visionโ€ at 14 where God and Jesus told him all churches were false, followed by an angel Moroni guiding him to golden plates that he โ€œtranslatedโ€ into the Book of Mormon using a seer stone in a hat. This book, which posits ancient Jews migrated to the Americas and were visited by Jesus, became the foundational text for his new church.

Smithโ€™s radical theology, including a physical God and the concept of becoming gods ourselves, promised a utopian โ€œZionโ€ on Earth, initially planned for Missouri. This vision, combined with Smithโ€™s charismatic leadership, attracted thousands, leading to violent clashes with locals and forced migrations, ultimately culminating in the establishment of Nauvoo, Illinois, a self-governed religious settlement where Smith introduced polygamy, claiming divine command.

The story of Joseph Smith, the enigmatic founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), is a narrative woven with threads of fervent belief, mystical visions, relentless persecution, and an unyielding dream of a utopian society. For many, including documentary filmmaker Johnny Harris, itโ€™s a deeply personal tale, having shaped their worldview for most of their lives. Harris, a former missionary who once taught Smithโ€™s gospel to hundreds, embarks on a journey to explore how an โ€œuneducated kid in upstate New Yorkโ€ birthed a global movement that would, against all odds, establish a spiritual empire now valued in the hundreds of billions.

The American Crucible of Faith

Joseph Smith was born in 1805 into a young America grappling with its identity. The early 19th century was a period of immense change, marked by the rejection of Old World traditions, particularly religion. Only about 10% of white Americans regularly attended church, prompting a surge of charismatic preachers who fanned out into the countryside, igniting what became known as the Second Great Awakening. Upstate New York, in particular, became a โ€œfrothy religious environmentโ€ โ€“ a hotbed for new, hyper-reformist religions that were emotional, expressive, and deeply personal, replacing older, authoritarian church structures.

This was an era of unprecedented times: new science, โ€œmagical technology,โ€ and a rapid influx of ideas, both wholesome and sinful. For many, these swift changes signaled the imminent end of the world, a precursor to the Millennium โ€“ a thousand years of glory for believers, and fire for those who didnโ€™t. New churches vied for adherents, each claiming to be Godโ€™s chosen administrators, preparing the Earth for the Second Coming of Jesus. It was in this exciting, yet frightening, context that Joseph Smith, born to a religiously enthusiastic mother and a non-religious father, found his family, like many others, โ€œreligiously lost.โ€

A Seeker in a Magical Landscape

Beyond the religious fervor, upstate New York was also steeped in a vibrant culture of folk magic and treasure hunting. Legends of buried riches from Spanish explorers, pirates, or Native American artifacts fueled a mystical pursuit. Seer stones, crystals, divining rods, and dream visions were common tools used to locate hidden treasures. Young Joseph Smith was deeply immersed in this craze. Despite minimal education and limited literacy, he quickly gained a reputation as a โ€œskilled treasure hunterโ€ โ€“ not for actual finds, but for his ability to convey expertise in these mythical methods. This background in folk magic would prove pivotal in shaping his future as a prophet.

A visual of various folk magic tools like seer stones and divining rods, illustrating the era's treasure-hunting culture.

A visual of various folk magic tools like seer stones and divining rods, illustrating the eraโ€™s treasure-hunting culture.

The First Vision: A Divine Call to Restoration

The true genesis of Smithโ€™s movement began in the spring of 1820. A 14-year-old Joseph, curious about religion, found no satisfactory answers after visiting numerous churches. He retreated to a grove of trees to ask God directly which church was true. As recounted in the founding narrative of the LDS Church, after an encounter with the Devil, Joseph saw a pillar of light โ€œbrighter than the sun.โ€ Within this light, he beheld โ€œtwo people whose brightness defy all descriptionโ€ โ€“ God the Father and His Son, Jesus Christ. Jesus informed him that none of the existing churches were true and that Joseph was called to do the work of God: to restore the real, true church lost from the Earth, and to prepare the world for the Second Coming and the Millennium. This event, known as the First Vision, became the bedrock story for millions of believers.

A still from a Church-produced video depicting young Joseph Smith kneeling in a grove of trees, praying.

A still from a Church-produced video depicting young Joseph Smith kneeling in a grove of trees, praying.

Golden Plates and a New Scripture

A few years later, in 1823, an angel named Moroni appeared to the late-teenaged Joseph. Moroni confirmed the impending Second Coming and Josephโ€™s divine calling. Crucially, the angel revealed the existence of an ancient book, written on golden plates, buried in a hill near Josephโ€™s home. This book, Moroni explained, was a vital record of a group of Jews who had left Jerusalem in 600 BC and migrated to the Americas. Along with the plates, Joseph would find โ€œgearโ€ โ€“ seer stones โ€“ to translate them into English. By age 21, Joseph was instructed to retrieve the plates from the Hill Cumorah.

Joseph Smith, the uneducated treasure hunter, now in his twenties, began to shift his focus โ€œaway from treasure and towards translation,โ€ effectively becoming a prophet. He claimed to secure the plates despite attempts to rob him, then commenced the translation in a rural New York cabin. Sitting behind a curtain, he would look through his seer stones at the โ€œEgyptian engravingsโ€ on the golden plates, which would transform into English. He would then dictate these words to a scribe, sometimes his wife or other early believers. At other times, he didnโ€™t even need the plates present, using his personal โ€œchocolate-colored, egg-shapedโ€ seer stone placed in a hat, burying his face in it, and dictating words that โ€œlit upโ€ on the stone. This method, though seemingly โ€œweird and wildโ€ today, was consistent with the folk magic sensibilities prevalent in society at the time, explaining why his family and community initially supported him. Over a remarkably productive 90-day period, the 24-year-old Joseph dictated 588 pages of text that would become the Book of Mormon.

The Book of Mormon: A Contested History

The Book of Mormon, which Joseph claimed to return to Moroni after translation, became the primary โ€œvalidatorโ€ for his prophetic claims. Its sudden appearance, authored by an uneducated farm kid, was seen by believers as proof of divine intervention. While the book contains passages โ€œcopy-and-pastedโ€ from the Bible, it also presents complex histories, religious lessons, and cultural references that believers find compelling.

However, the Book of Mormon is not, as many believe, a โ€œMormon Bible.โ€ It tells the epic tale of Jewish families who fled Jerusalem around 600 BC, journeyed across deserts (possibly to Oman), built a boat, and sailed to the Americas. Here, they split into two warring civilizations: the righteous Nephites and the cursed Lamanites. The introduction to early editions declared the Lamanites to be โ€œthe principle ancestors of the American Indiansโ€ (later softened to โ€œamong the ancestorsโ€). The book culminates in a dramatic climax where Jesus Christ, after his resurrection in the Old World, appears and ministers to these ancient American civilizations.

Despite its narrative power for believers, there is no archaeological, genetic, or linguistic evidence to support the Book of Mormonโ€™s assertions of a large-scale Jewish migration to the Americas around 600 BC. Nevertheless, for adherents, its very existence and narrative continue to serve as profound proof of Joseph Smithโ€™s divine calling.

A Radical Theology and the Birth of a Church

By April 1830, with the Book of Mormon published and his prophetic status seemingly validated, Joseph Smith gathered his followers in Fayette, New York, and formally established the Church. Now behaving as a โ€œfull-blown prophet,โ€ he claimed โ€œalmost daily communication from Jesusโ€ and began to unveil a theology unlike anything else available.

This radical doctrine asserted that God is a man with a physical body of flesh and bone, and a wife. Humanity, according to Smith, originated as โ€œeternal balls of light called intelligences,โ€ birthed as spiritual children by heavenly parents, and sent to Earth to gain physical bodies, marry, and grow, ultimately to become like God themselves โ€“ creating their own spiritual families in other parts of the universe. This path required passing earthly tests, performing specific rituals, and demonstrating obedience.

The theology explained a history of โ€œGreat Apostasy,โ€ where Godโ€™s children repeatedly rebelled, truth was eroded, and churches lost proper authority. Joseph Smithโ€™s mission, therefore, was a โ€œRestorationโ€: God would call prophets, like Jesus (who was seen as the โ€œsixth prophetโ€), to re-establish the true church and its authority. Joseph claimed that the original apostles of Jesus Christ had appeared to him to restore the priesthood authority, enabling him to establish his church and receive direct instruction from God on how to govern โ€œGodโ€™s Kingdom here on Earthโ€ in preparation for the Millennium.

This was a unique and potent blend of Jewish mysticism, American folk magic, reincarnation, evangelical Christianity, and later, even Freemasonry. While it shared common apocalyptic themes with other movements of the era, doctrines like โ€œGod having a body and a wifeโ€ were โ€œwild, fringe doctrine,โ€ making Smithโ€™s church both โ€œsuper unique and super polarizing.โ€ Many in his community began to view him as a โ€œbrilliant, creative visionary inventing this elaborate plan to dupe people.โ€

The Dream of Zion: A Utopian Blueprint

Early opposition quickly mounted. Joseph was arrested as a โ€œdisorderly personโ€ and eventually tarred and feathered by a mob. Realizing the need to escape persecution, he and his followers began their westward migration. The Lord, Joseph claimed, instructed them to go to Ohio to await instructions for their โ€œactual final destinationโ€: Zion.

Zion was not merely a vague ideal; it was a meticulously planned โ€œnew utopian society,โ€ a โ€œMillennial Kingdomโ€ founded on celestial laws, preparing for the end of the world and the Second Coming. Joseph began sketching detailed blueprints for this โ€œNew Jerusalem,โ€ envisioning gridded streets, perfectly parceled plots, brick or stone homes 25 feet from the street for gardens, and surrounding farms. The cityโ€™s central streets bore names like Zion, Jerusalem, and Bethlehem, with a holy temple at its heart โ€“ a design that would later influence cities like Salt Lake City. This hyper-progressive, communal society, where resources were shared, and the prophet governed by divine revelation, became the primary โ€œcalling card for new converts.โ€

Escalating Doctrine and Conflict

As the Church grew in Ohio, Joseph continued to receive revelations, pushing Mormon doctrine further from mainstream Christianity. He revealed three kingdoms of Heaven (instead of just Heaven and Hell), a spiritual prison and paradise, and the concept of โ€œCelestial Kingdomโ€ โ€“ the highest degree โ€“ attainable only through โ€œsealingโ€ marriages performed by proper authority, thereby binding families forever. Family became central to Mormon theology.

However, the locals in Ohio remained hostile to this rapidly growing, unified, and religiously distinct community. Driven out, the Mormons sought their Zion in Jackson County, Missouri, a place Joseph revealed was โ€œon the borders by the Lamanitesโ€ (fitting the US governmentโ€™s ethnic cleansing of Native Americans) and, astonishingly, โ€œright next to the original Garden of Eden.โ€ Believing the Second Coming was mere โ€œweeks or months or just maybe a few years away,โ€ Mormons rapidly purchased land and moved by the thousands, sparking intense fear among existing residents who suspected a religious and political takeover. Violence erupted, escalating into what was effectively a war. The Governor of Missouri issued a chilling โ€œextermination order,โ€ declaring Mormons โ€œenemiesโ€ to be โ€œexterminated or driven from the state.โ€

Nauvoo: A Theocratic Experiment and Tragic End

Forced to flee once more, the Mormons found refuge in Illinois. With the help of figures like Abraham Lincoln, they received a special charter to establish their own city, Nauvoo (Hebrew for โ€œbeautifulโ€). Here, they began to build Zion anew, protected by their charter. Nauvoo quickly became a thriving metropolis, even more populous than Chicago, a testament to the Mormonsโ€™ industriousness. It was a complete merger of church and state, with Joseph Smith at its head, overseeing courts and commanding a newly strengthened militia. Missionaries, including Harrisโ€™s own great-great-grandfather, were sent to Europe, successfully converting thousands who then made the arduous journey to join the burgeoning community in Nauvoo.

It was in Nauvoo that Joseph Smith introduced his most controversial doctrine: plural marriage. He claimed an angel appeared to him multiple times, demanding that he take multiple wives. In three years, he reportedly married 40 women, many of whom were already married to other men. This practice, however, was kept secret, reserved only for Joseph and his inner circle, remaining absent from public revelations.

By 1844, the Zion dream was catching fire, and Joseph, now a powerful leader, decided to run for President of the United States. While his chances of winning were slim, this move cemented perceptions of him as a legitimate political threat. When a group of former Latter-day Saints published a newspaper in Nauvoo criticizing his polygamy and leadership, Joseph, now increasingly militant, responded by sending his militia to destroy their printing press and declared martial law. This act of defiance led to his arrest for inciting a riot. Two days later, a mob of over 200 men stormed the jail, shooting Joseph Smith and his brother. Joseph, at 38, fell to his death while attempting to jump from a window, a Book of Mormon in his hands.

The Prophetโ€™s Legacy and a Journey West

Joseph Smithโ€™s death transformed him into a martyr, fueling the fervor of his followers and solidifying his vision for Zion. However, it also became clear that Zion could not be built within the existing United States. The Saints needed a place far away, a sanctuary where they could build their Millennial Kingdom without harassment. Their gaze turned west, towards the remote mountains of what was then Mexico.

For Johnny Harris, understanding Joseph Smith from an objective, historical lens has been a profound journey. He acknowledges the undeniable power of what Smith created: a compelling narrative of the Last Days, filled with treasure, visions, angels, and modern revelation. It offered a chosen people a utopian society, safety, and enlightenment โ€“ a community that found deep comfort and identity in its distinctness, often mocked for its beliefs. The persecution and martyrdom of Joseph and his followers ironically served as โ€œproofโ€ for believers, fulfilling biblical prophecies of end-time tribulation.

Yet, from his perspective outside the faith, Harris sees a different truth. Joseph Smith, he concludes, was a โ€œcharismatic leader who knew how to tell stories about magic, about visions and about treasureโ€ long before he became a prophet. He used these skills to invent a complex set of stories โ€“ of Native Americans as Israelites, of heavenly parents, of priesthood authority, and exclusive rituals โ€“ ultimately building a movement that allowed him to take 40 wives, raise an army, break laws, and bully his enemies. Harris views this not as anti-Mormon literature, but as a recognizable pattern: โ€œthe same old story of a charismatic visionary man who tells a story of apocalyptic endings to gain followers, to gain power and then decides that he deserves a lot of women and then he dies for the cause, leaving a movement that continues his vision.โ€ This realization brings a deep sense of sadness for the loss of a comforting belief, a testament to the โ€œparadoxโ€ of the beautiful, creative stories that once motivated his life.

Building Zion in the Wild West

Following Smithโ€™s murder, the leadership of the Church fell to Brigham Young, who would continue Josephโ€™s vision with even greater audacity. The Mormons embarked on a grueling, thousand-mile journey into the remote mountains of Mexico (which would soon become U.S. territory). Despite the immense challenges, they began to build rapidly, utilizing Joseph Smithโ€™s original grid designs for Zion, with the holy temple at the center.

Their industriousness and cooperation were legendary. Motivated by their vision, they adopted the beehive as a symbol for their community, representing a group of โ€œindustrious, highly motivated people all working together for a common goal.โ€ This symbol, โ€œDeseretโ€ (an ancient word for honeybee from the Book of Mormon), would become the name of their proposed state. Brigham Young dispatched members to establish a network of settlements across the Mountain West, displacing native peoples and transforming the arid landscape with sophisticated irrigation systems, mines, and factories. They shared their surplus, embodying the ideal of โ€œone heart and one mind,โ€ where โ€œthe community was more important than the individual.โ€

This burgeoning theocratic society, with the prophet as its head, developed its own schools, newspapers, currency, and even an alphabet. But in 1848, the Mexican-American War shifted the borders, placing the Mormons once again within the United States. This re-integration set the stage for a monumental conflict between the fiercely independent, communally-driven Mormons and the expanding federal government, threatening everything they had built in their mountain Zion. The dramatic narrative of this clash, and the shaping of a unique culture and people, would define the next chapter of the Mormon empire.

A map of upstate New York highlighting its role as a 'frothy religious environment' during the Second Great Awakening.

A map of upstate New York highlighting its role as a โ€˜frothy religious environmentโ€™ during the Second Great Awakening.

A close-up of the golden statue of the Angel Moroni atop a Mormon temple, a key symbol of the LDS Church.

A close-up of the golden statue of the Angel Moroni atop a Mormon temple, a key symbol of the LDS Church.

An illustration of Joseph Smith dictating the Book of Mormon by burying his face in a hat with a seer stone.

An illustration of Joseph Smith dictating the Book of Mormon by burying his face in a hat with a seer stone.

Joseph Smith's hand-drawn blueprints for Zion, detailing gridded streets and a central temple.

Joseph Smithโ€™s hand-drawn blueprints for Zion, detailing gridded streets and a central temple.


ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด

โ€œIn โ€˜View From the East Wing,โ€™ Jill Biden reflects on the debate that changed historyโ€ โ€” NPR Podcasts ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ณธ ์˜์ƒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ

์˜๋ถ€์ธ์˜ ์‹œ์„ : ์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“ , ๊ฒฉ๋™์˜ ๋Œ€์„  ๋น„ํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์•„ํ””์„ ๋งํ•˜๋‹ค

์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ์š”์•ฝ

์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“ ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํšŒ๊ณ ๋ก โ€œ์ด์ŠคํŠธ ์œ™์—์„œ ๋ณธ ํ’๊ฒฝ(View from the East Wing)โ€œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚จํŽธ ์กฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์žฌ์ž„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์„ ํšŒ๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, 2๋…„ ์ „ ์žฌ์„  ์ถœ๋งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ์˜๋ก ์ด ๊ทน์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ํ•œ ํ† ๋ก ํšŒ์—์„œ โ€œ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๋ง์ณค์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€?โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด์— ์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“ ์€ โ€œ๋„ค, ๋ง์ณค์–ด์š”โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ์ง๋ฌด ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์—ฌ๋ก ์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“ ์€ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์นด๋ฉ€๋ผ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“ ์€ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด 50๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต์ง ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •๊ณผ ์••๋„๊ฐ์„ ๋А๊ผˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ์˜ ํ†ตํ™” ์ค‘ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ, ์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“ ์€ ํ—Œํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“ ์˜ ์žฌํŒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋””๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด์™€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณ ์ถฉ์„ ํ„ธ์–ด๋†“๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์žฌํŒ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํ—Œํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์žฌ์„ ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ—Œํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์กฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํผ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋”” ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” โ€œ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•˜๋ผโ€๋Š” ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ค๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋“  ํผ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋””๋Š” ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด์™”๊ณ , ์ž์‹  ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํผ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋””์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ •์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ฐจ๊ธฐ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋””๋‚˜ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ์  ํ‹€๋งจ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

์กฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์„ ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž˜ ์•„๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋‚ด, ์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์—ฌ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—, ์ „ ์˜๋ถ€์ธ์ด์ž ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์ธ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์กฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์žฌ์ž„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‚ด๋ง‰์„ ๋‹ด์€ ํšŒ๊ณ ๋ก ใ€Ž๋™๊ด€์—์„œ ๋ณธ ํ’๊ฒฝ(View from the East Wing)ใ€์„ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ NPR์˜ ์Šค์ฝง ๋ฐํŠธ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์—ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ฑ…์— ๋‹ด๊ธด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์†”์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ„ธ์–ด๋†“์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€ ๋™๊ด€(East Wing)์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •์น˜์˜ ๊ฒฉ๋™๊ณผ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ๊ฒช์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์•„ํ””์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์ „ํ™˜์ : ๋ฐ”์ด๋“ ์˜ ๋Œ€์„  ์‚ฌํ‡ด์™€ โ€˜๊ทธ ๋…ผ์Ÿโ€™์˜ ๋น„ํ™”

โ€์ •๋ง ๋ง์ณค์–ดโ€: ๋น„์šด์˜ ํ† ๋ก ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํ‡ด ๊ฒฐ์ •

์ด๋ฒˆ ๋‹ฌ์€ ์กฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ๋‹น์‹œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์šด๋™์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์กฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2๋…„์ด ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „์ง ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ ์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์—ฌ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์Šค์ฝง ๋ฐํŠธ๋กœ์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์„  ๋…ผ์Ÿ(debate) ์ดํ›„ ๋‚จํŽธ๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํšŒ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ โ€˜์ •๋ง ๋ง์ณค์–ด, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€?โ€˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋Š” โ€˜๋„ค, ๋ง์ณค์–ด์š”โ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ์ฃ .โ€

๋‹น์‹œ ์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์—ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ† ๋ก  ์ „ํ›„๋กœ ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ์ง๋ฌด ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜์‹ฌํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธํ•ด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์›๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“ ์€ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น์ธ ์นด๋ฉ€๋ผ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฒฉ์ •์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„: ์‚ฌํ‡ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ ๋’ค์— ๊ฐ์ถฐ์ง„ ๊ฐ์ •

๋‚จํŽธ์ด ์‚ฌํ‡ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋˜ ๋‚ , ์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์—ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฑ…์— ๊ทธ๋‚ ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ๋‚  ์•„์นจ ์นด๋ฉ€๋ผ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ์˜ ์ „ํ™” ํ†ตํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‚จํŽธ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์ œ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ โ€˜์••๋„๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹คโ€™๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์› ์ฃ . ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€, ์–ธ์ œ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€, ์–ด๋–ค ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐŸ์•„์•ผ ํ• ์ง€โ€ฆ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์–ด์š”. ์Šค์ฝง, ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”. ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 50๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณต์ง์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ์ •๋ง ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด์ฃ . ์–ด๋А ์ˆœ๊ฐ„, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฒ„๊ฑฐ์› ์–ด์š”.โ€

์ด๋Š” ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ž˜๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์—ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ง๋ถ™์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋Œ€์„  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ๊ณผ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์žฌ์ง‘๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž

ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค ํ›„๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์™€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ

์นด๋ฉ€๋ผ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์—ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋” ์ผ์ฐ ์‚ฌํ‡ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์„์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— โ€œ์ €๋Š” ์ •์น˜ ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”. ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์ €๋Š” ์ „๊ตญ์„ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์šด๋™์„ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ์—ด์ •๊ณผ ํฅ๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด์•˜์ฃ . ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ผ ๋ฐค์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์นจ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ โ€˜๋‰ด์Šค ๋ดค์–ด์š”?โ€˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ •๋ง ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด์š”. ์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."

"์•”ํ‘๊ธฐโ€: ๋Œ€์„  ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ธด ์ƒ์ฒ˜

์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์—ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” 2023-2024๋…„ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๋Œ์•„๋ณด๋ฉฐ โ€œ์ •๋ง ์ƒ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ •๋ง ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์˜ ์•”ํ‘๊ธฐ์˜€์–ด์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€์ง€์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์ฒ˜ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•  ์ค„์€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ €์™€ ์กฐ๋งŒ์ด ๊ฒช์€ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์†์ฃผ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”์ง€โ€ฆ ๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.โ€ ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Œ€์„  ํŒจ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์•„ํ””์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ •์น˜์  ์ขŒ์ ˆ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊นŠ์€ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ—Œํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์žฌํŒ: ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ด์ž ์˜๋ถ€์ธ์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ

ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€ ๋ธ๋ผ์›จ์–ด, ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ

ํšŒ๊ณ ๋ก์—๋Š” ์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์—ฌ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํž˜๋“  ํ•œ ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ถ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ ๊ณต์‹ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ํ—Œํ„ฐ์˜ ์žฌํŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ธ๋ผ์›จ์–ด๋กœ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ–‰๊ตฐ์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋˜ ์ฃผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ์ผ์ •์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ โ€œ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ €๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒโ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํšŒ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, ๋ธ๋ผ์›จ์–ด, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค, ๋ธ๋ผ์›จ์–ดโ€ฆ ์™œ ๋‘ ๊ณณ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋А๊ผˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?

๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์€ ๋‹จํ˜ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์ €๋Š” ํ—Œํ„ฐ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ €๋Š” ์˜๋ถ€์ธ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์˜๋ถ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.โ€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์˜๋ถ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๊ณ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฟ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ชฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

โ€๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •โ€: ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์žฌ์ง‘๊ถŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ํŒŒ์žฅ

ํ•ด๋‹น ์žฅ์˜ ๋ง๋ฏธ์— ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” โ€œ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์• ์“ด ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ—Œํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์šด๋ช…์„ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์—ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ—Œํ„ฐ์˜ ์žฌํŒ ๊ณผ์ • ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ โ€œ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€์— ๊ฐ„์„ญํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์• ์ผ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ดํ›„ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ณด๋ณต(retribution)์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ—Œํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“ ์„ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.โ€

๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ํ•˜์—์„œ ํ—Œํ„ฐ์˜ ์šด๋ช…์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ํŠนํžˆ ์šฐ๋ คํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์„ธ์ƒ์—, ์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ํ•˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ TV์—์„œ โ€˜ํ—Œํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“ ์€ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ—Œํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“ , ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ๋ณด๋‚ด๋„๋ก ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹คโ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ์ง€ ์•Œ์•˜์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ์–ด์š”.โ€ ์ด ๋ฐœ์–ธ์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ํ—Œํ„ฐ์˜ ์žฌํŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋Š”์ง€ ์ง์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์˜๋ถ€์ธ์˜ ์—ญํ• : ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์กฐ์–ธ

โ€™์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด๋””โ€™์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ โ€˜ํผ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ ˆ์ด๋””โ€™์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ

์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์—ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์˜๋ถ€์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋งก๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋„ 8๋…„๊ฐ„ โ€˜์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด๋””(Second Lady, ๋ถ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋ถ€์ธ)โ€˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์›์˜์› ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” โ€œ์„ธ์ปจ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด๋””๋Š” ์˜๋ถ€์ธ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ํž˜๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹คโ€๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” โ€œ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์น˜๋„, ๊ฒฝํ˜ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋†’์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์…ธ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฒช๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ฒŒ, ์šฐ์•„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์นจ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค์–ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋†€๋ผ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ง์€ ์˜๋ถ€์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์™€ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์˜๋ถ€์ธ/์˜๋ถ€๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ: โ€œ๋‹น์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ผโ€

ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ž„๊ธฐ ์ œํ•œ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜๋ถ€์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜๋ถ€๊ตฐ์ด ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์ด๋“  ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์ด๋“ , ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด๋“  ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋“ , ์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์—ฌ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ํ•ด์ค„๊นŒ์š”?

โ€œ๋‹น์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”. ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง„์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์„ธ์š”. ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜๋ถ€์ธ์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ผ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ทจ์ž„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ . ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋ฐ”๋ผ ๋ถ€์‹œ๋Š” ๋กœ๋ผ ๋ถ€์‹œ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํž๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ ํด๋ฆฐํ„ด์€ ๋ฏธ์…ธ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์•„๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์ฃ . ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜๋ถ€์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์กฐ์–ธ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์˜๋ถ€์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜๋ถ€๊ตฐ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์—ญํ• ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ ์†์—์„œ๋„ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์žƒ์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


์งˆ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ์—ฌ์‚ฌ์˜ ํšŒ๊ณ ๋ก ใ€Ž๋™๊ด€์—์„œ ๋ณธ ํ’๊ฒฝใ€์€ ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€ ๋™๊ด€(East Wing)์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •์น˜์˜ ๊ฒฉ๋™๊ณผ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ๊ฒช์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์•„ํ””์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ด์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํšŒ๊ณ ๋ก์„ ๋„˜์–ด, ๊ณต์ง์ž์˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž๋กœ์„œ ๊ฒช๋Š” ๊ณ ๋‡Œ์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋…์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ ธ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ฒฉ๋™์˜ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌ ์†์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ๊ฒช๋Š” ํฌ๋กœ์• ๋ฝ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


โ€œCongressional Republicans Try a New Approach: Telling Trump Noโ€ โ€” New York Times Podcasts ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ณธ ์˜์ƒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ

๋” ์ด์ƒ โ€˜ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ์˜ˆ์Šค๋งจโ€™์€ ์—†๋‹ค? ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์„ ์–ธ

์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ์š”์•ฝ

๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์ด ๋„๋„๋“œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋ก€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ์ •์น˜ ์—ญํ•™์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „ํ™˜์ ์„ ์˜ˆ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž„๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜, ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์€ ์ง€์ถœ, ๋ฌด์—ญ, ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ… ๋“ฑ ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธํ•ด ์˜จ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€์— ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ โ€˜์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚ฌ๋‹คโ€™๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์€ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ž…๋ฒ•์•ˆ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์—์„œ ํŠน์ • ์กฐํ•ญ์„ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ด๋ž€ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๋™๋งน์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ž๊ธˆ 17์–ต 7,600๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋˜ โ€˜๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆโ€™ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์„ ์ƒ€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์ด 1์›” 6์ผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹น ํญ๋™ ๊ฐ€๋‹ด์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ธ‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ๋‹น์˜ ์ด์ต๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์— ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์—ญ ์˜์›๋“ค์„ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ๊ฒฝ์„ ์—์„œ ๋‚™๋งˆ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ถ„๋…ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด, ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์™€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์ƒ์กด์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋งน๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋นŒ ์บ์‹œ๋””, ์กด ์ฝ”๋‹Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ํ‘œ์ ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋‚™๋งˆํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘๋ฐ›๋Š” ์˜์›๋“ค(์ผ๋ช… โ€˜Yolo Caucusโ€™)๊ณผ, ์žฌ์„ ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™์˜ ์ฃผ์ถ•์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์ด ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋‹น์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์˜์ œ๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋’ค์—Ž์„ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹น์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ํ•ด์น  ๋•Œ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์นจ๋ฌตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ํ–‰๋™ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ โ€˜ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‰ด์š•ํƒ€์ž„์Šค ํŒŸ์บ์ŠคํŠธ โ€˜๋” ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฆฌโ€™๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ƒ์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋•Œ ๋„๋„๋“œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋ก€ ์—†์ด ๋ณต์ข…ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ์ด์ œ๋Š” โ€˜NOโ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ž€ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ โ€˜๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆโ€™์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์ด ๊ฐ์ง€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ์ •๊ฐ€์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ญํ•™ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๊ณก์ผ๊นŒ์š”, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋…๋ฆฝ ์„ ์–ธ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ• ๊นŒ์š”?

โ€˜์˜ˆ์Šค๋งจโ€™์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ๋๋‚ฌ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ 2๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น

ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ž„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ โ€˜๊ณต๋™์˜ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ง€๋ถ€(co-equal branch of government)โ€˜๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ํ™•๊ณ ํžˆ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์ด ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์€ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด โ€œ์˜ํšŒ๋Š” ๋๋‚ฌ๋Š”๊ฐ€?โ€๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋  ์ •๋„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ 2๊ธฐ ์ดˆ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ, ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ ์ „๋ก€ ์—†์ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆœ์‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์ด์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด, ์ง€์ถœ, ๋ฌด์—ญ ๋ฐ ๊ด€์„ธ, ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ… ๋“ฑ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์งˆํˆฌ์‹ฌ ๋งŽ๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ผœ์™”๋˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ถŒํ•œ๋“ค์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€์— ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์•„์˜ˆ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งŽ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ โ€œ์ด ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”. ์ € ์‚ฝ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”. ์ด ํŠธ๋Ÿญ๋„์š”โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฐ˜๋ž€์˜ ์„œ๋ง‰: โ€˜๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆโ€™๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๊ธ‰๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ด๋ก€์ ์ด๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ•œ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์›€์ง์ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์—์„œ ํŠน์ • ์กฐํ•ญ์„ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ์ฒ ํšŒํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด๋ž€ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์—๊ฒŒ ๋งž์„œ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†€์ดํ„ฐ ๋น„์œ ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ž๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ์•„๋น ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ช…๋ น์— ๋ณต์ข…ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด โ€œ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”, ์•„๋น . ์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์ธ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋Š” โ€˜๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ(weaponization fund)โ€™ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ์†Œ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•ฝ 17์–ต 7์ฒœ6๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์ด ์ผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์€ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์—๊ฒŒ ์ถฉ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด 1์›” 6์ผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹น ํญ๋™์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ง€๊ธ‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•”์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” โ€˜๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆโ€™ ๋ฐœํ‘œ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊นŠ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์ด์ต์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์„œ์„œํžˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜จ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ(midterm elections)๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ง ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋‹น๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฝค ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋”์šฑ ์•…ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ฃจ์ด์ง€์• ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์œ„์›ํšŒ ์œ„์›์žฅ์ธ ๋นŒ ์บ์‹œ๋””(Bill Cassidy) ์ƒ์›์˜์›์— ๋งž์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ํ•˜์›์˜์›์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ์‹œ๋”” ์˜์›์€ 1์›” 6์ผ ์‚ฌํƒœ ์ดํ›„ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ํƒ„ํ•ต์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋˜์กŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์ดํ›„ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ๋น„์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”๋ ค ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ์ฃผ ์ƒ์› ๊ฒฝ์„ ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ์กด ์ฝ”๋‹Œ(John Cornyn) ์ƒ์›์˜์›์— ๋งž์„œ ์ผ„ ํŒฉ์Šคํ„ด(Ken Paxton) ๋ฒ•๋ฌด์žฅ๊ด€์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์†Œ์‹์€ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ โ€œํญํƒ„โ€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋‹Œ ์˜์›์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์€ ๋‹น์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ „๋žต์— ํฐ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ž…์€ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ๊ณ ์กฐ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ์˜์ œ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์  ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์˜ ์ด์ต์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋А๋ผ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์›์—์„œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋‹น ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํž˜๊ฒจ์šด ์‹ธ์›€์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์—๊ฒŒ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋”์šฑ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํŠนํžˆ ์บ์‹œ๋”” ์˜์›๊ณผ ์ฝ”๋‹Œ ์˜์›์€ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ณ  ์œ ๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ํŒฉ์Šคํ„ด์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋‚ , ๊ฒฝ์„ ์—์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•œ ์บ์‹œ๋”” ์˜์›์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ๋‹น ํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฝ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” โ€œ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋น„๋ก ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•„๋‹์ง€๋ผ๋„โ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์€ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜ํšŒ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋‹น์˜ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์ด์ต๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ”๋‹Œ ์˜์›์€ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ •์ฑ…์— 90% ์ด์ƒ ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์บ์‹œ๋”” ์˜์›๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณต์ข…์€ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™œ ๊ณ„์† ๋ณต์ข…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?โ€๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์†์— ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํญ๋ฐœ์ : โ€˜๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆโ€™ ์ €์ง€์™€ ์ด๋ž€ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ถŒํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธด์žฅ๊ฐ์ด ๊ณ ์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜ํšŒ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ „ ํ˜‘์˜ ์—†์ด โ€˜๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆโ€™์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ช…๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์— ์ถฉ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด 1์›” 6์ผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹น ํญ๋™์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•”์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ์†Œ์‹์€ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ โ€œ๋ฒฝ๋Œ ํ•œ ํ†คโ€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์›๋“ค์€ โ€œ์ด๊ฑด ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค(doesnโ€™t pass the smell test)โ€, โ€œ์ด๊ฑด ๊ทธ์•ผ๋ง๋กœ โ€˜์–ด์ฒ˜๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์—†๋Š” ์ง“โ€™์ด๋‹ค(stupid on stilts)โ€œ๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์‚ฌ๋‹น ํญ๋™ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ”ผ์‹ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์›๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„, ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ํฐ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๋А๊ผˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ข‹์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋™์‹œ์— ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๋Š” ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์ƒ์›์˜์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ด์™”๋˜ 70์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ด๋ฏผ ๋‹จ์† ๋ฒ•์•ˆ(immigration enforcement bill)์„ 6์›” 1์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ค๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œํ•œ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์€ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ฌ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ฒ ํšŒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ๋„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€ ์ธก์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์žฅ๊ด€ ํ† ๋“œ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์‰ฌ(Todd Blanche)๊ฐ€ ์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์›๋“ค์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ž˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ํšŒ์˜๋Š” โ€œ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํŒŒํƒ„โ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์ƒ์›์˜์›์€ โ€œ์ƒ์›์—์„œ ๋ณธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ํšŒ์˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜โ€์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์€ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ ๊ณ„ํš์ด โ€œ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค(complete non-starter)โ€œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ธฐํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ์ด ์ฃผ๋ง์„ ๋งž์ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฒ‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํˆฌํ‘œ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹น์‹œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” โ€œ๋…๋ฆฝ ์„ ์–ธโ€๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐํ•œ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋”ฐ๋ž๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ „ํ™˜์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ โ€œ์ƒ์›์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?โ€๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›์ž โ€œ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์†์† ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์€ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธํ† ๋ก ์†Œ์ค‘ํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” โ€˜๋ณผ๋ฃธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ(ballroom project)โ€™ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ 10์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‚ญ์ œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณผ๋ฃธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์€ โ€˜๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆโ€™์„ ์—†์• ์•ผ๋งŒ ์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์นจ ์ด๋•Œ ๋ฒ•์›์ด ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€์ด โ€˜๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆโ€™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ํšŒ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์— ํž˜์„ ์‹ค์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์ž„์‹œ ๋ช…๋ น์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ค‘๋‹จ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜์›๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฉฐ์น  ๋‚ด๋กœ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ฒ ํšŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋”์šฑ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€์ด ๋ฒ•์› ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์€ โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€์˜ ๋ง๋„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹คโ€๋ฉฐ โ€œ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ธ(on-the-record disavowal)๊ณผ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์ฒ ํšŒ ์•ฝ์†โ€์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋˜ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ก€ ์—†๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ† ๋“œ ๋ธ”๋ž‘์‰ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜ํšŒ์— ์ถœ์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ ์„œ ์ฆ์–ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์˜ ์ •์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ํšŒ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๊ทธํ† ๋ก ์›ํ•˜๋˜ ์ด๋ฏผ ๋‹จ์† ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ์ง€๋ ›๋Œ€ ์‚ผ์•„ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ โ€˜๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆโ€™์„ ์ขŒ์ ˆ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์ด 1๋…„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์—๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ด์™”๋˜, ์ฆ‰ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์—๊ฒŒ ๋งž์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์ด ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์€ โ€˜๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆโ€™์—์„œ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์š” ํ‘œ์ ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ์ด๋ž€ ์ „์Ÿ(war in Iran)์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด 2์›” ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋ž€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํญ๊ฒฉ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ดํ›„, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์€ ํ•˜์›๊ณผ ์ƒ์›์—์„œ โ€˜์ „์Ÿ ๊ถŒํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ(War Powers Resolution)โ€™ ํ‘œ๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ณ„์† ๊ฐ•์ œํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์ด ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ •๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ (ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ—Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Œ), ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น๊ณผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ํšŒ์˜์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์žฌํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์ด ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์—๊ฒŒ ์–‘๋ณดํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์—ญ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์ด โ€œ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์†๋ฐœ์„ ๋ฌถ๊ณ  ํ˜‘์ƒ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ๊ฒƒโ€์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•ด์™”๊ณ , ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ดํƒˆํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋˜์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹น๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์ด ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋นŒ ์บ์‹œ๋”” ์˜์›์ด ๊ฒฝ์„ ์—์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•œ ์ง€ ๋ฉฐ์น  ํ›„, ์ƒ์›์—์„œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ถŒํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ ํ‘œ๊ฒฐ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„, ์บ์‹œ๋”” ์˜์›์ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ์˜ํšŒ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ์‹œ๋”” ์˜์›์€ โ€œ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ์„ธ์šด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ 2์ฃผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์ธ์ง€ ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์บ์‹œ๋”” ์˜์›์˜ ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋ž€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋‚˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋А๊ผˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ์€๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•ด์™”๋˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ํˆฌํ‘œ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„, ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ง€๋„๋ถ€์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ•˜์›์—์„œ๋„ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ถŒํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์ด ์ƒ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ์ดํƒˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น๊ณผ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜, ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ฒ ์ˆ˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜ํšŒ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ(competitive districts)์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋˜์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋“ค์€ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ง€์ณ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋†’์€ ์œ ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋А๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์˜ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์žฌ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์€ โ€œ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์— ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์šด๋™์˜ ์ฃผ์ถ•์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์› ์ „์Ÿ ๊ถŒํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ง„ ์ˆ˜์ž” ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ์Šค(Susan Collins) ์ƒ์›์˜์›๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์Šค์œ™ ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ(swing district) ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ธŒ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ํ”ผ์ธ ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆญ(Brian Fitzpatrick)์ด๋‚˜ ํ†ฐ ๋ฐ”๋ ›(Tom Barrett) ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•˜์› ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ์ถ•์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ โ€˜๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰ ์ฃผ(purple state)โ€™ ์˜์›๋“ค, ์ฆ‰ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ ์ง€์—ญ ์˜์›๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ํŒŒ๋ฒŒ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฐ”๋กœ โ€˜์šœ๋กœ ์ฝ”์ปค์Šค(Yolo Caucus)โ€˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋ช…์„ ์–ป์€ ์˜์›๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ํ‘œ์ ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋‚™์„ ํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋‚จ์ง€ ์•Š์€ โ€˜๋ ˆ์ž„๋•(lame duck)โ€™ ์˜์›๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋นŒ ์บ์‹œ๋””, ์กด ์ฝ”๋‹Œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์ „์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์—์„œ ํŒจ๋ฐฐํ•œ ํ†ฐ ๋งค์‹œ(Tom Massie) ๋“ฑ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์—๊ฒŒ ๋งน๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ์„ฑํ•  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žƒ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žƒ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ ์ง€์—ญ ์˜์›๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ชจํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ €ํ•ญ์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์—๊ฒŒ ๋งž์„œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฌผ๋ก  โ€˜์šœ๋กœ ์ฝ”์ปค์Šคโ€™์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ง๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์—๊ฒŒ ๋งž์„ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์ถฉ์„ฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ˜‘์€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ์‹œ๋”” ์ƒ์›์˜์›์€ ์ „์Ÿ ๊ถŒํ•œ๋ฒ•์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์กด ์ฝ”๋‹Œ ์ƒ์›์˜์›์€ ๋‹น๋ก ์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ๋œป๋Œ€๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•  ์ •์น˜์  ์œ ์ธ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ญ์ธ๊ฐ€, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์„œ๋ง‰์ธ๊ฐ€?

๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ง€์†๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋ฐ˜๋ž€์€ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์„ ์ถ•์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ โ€˜๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆโ€™์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋“ค์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๋งค์ผ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ณต์ข…์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ๊นŒ์š”?

์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์€ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์€ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๋™๋งน์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์˜๊ตฌํžˆ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ์ตœ์šฐ์„  ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ถค๋„์— ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์ด ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ฒจ์ฃผ๋Š” ์™€์ค‘์—๋„, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ ค๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง•ํ›„๋“ค์ด ํฌ์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์ด ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „, ๋ฐค์ƒ˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ(vot-a-rama)๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜์ •์•ˆ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ์ด์— ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋˜์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํˆฌํ‘œ์™€ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ณผ๋ฃธ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋นŒ ํ’€ํ…Œ(Bill Pulte)๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ •๋ณด๊ตญ์žฅ(Director of National Intelligence)์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์—๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋“ค์ด ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•  ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Š” ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋‹น์˜ ์˜์ œ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ขŒ์ ˆ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ด๋ฏผ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๋‹น์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ์„ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜์ œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ์˜์ œ์™€ ๊ฒน์น˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ„๊ทน์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  11์›” ์ค‘๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก, ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €ํ•ญํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ์„ ์—ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ ํ›„: ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ์ด๋ž€-์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ

์ผ์š”์ผ NBC โ€˜๋ฐ‹ ๋” ํ”„๋ ˆ์Šค(Meet the Press)โ€˜์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ โ€˜๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ธˆโ€™์„ ์ขŒ์ ˆ์‹œํ‚จ ์ดˆ๋‹น์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€(๊ณตํ™”๋‹น๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€)๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” โ€œ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹นโ€์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” โ€œ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‚ด ๋œป๋Œ€๋กœ๋ผ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๋Š” ์ด๋ž€ ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์ปค์ง€๋Š” ์˜๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์„ ์• ์จ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” โ€œ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์ „์Ÿ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์›์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ ์ด๋ž€ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ


โ€œHow to understand your dreams & nightmares | The Gray Areaโ€ โ€” Vox ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ณธ ์˜์ƒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ

๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ํ•ด๋…ํ•˜๋‹ค: ์ž ๋“  ์‚ฌ์ด ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ• ๊นŒ?

์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ์š”์•ฝ

๊ฟˆ์€ ์ž ์ž๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์˜์‹ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ, ๊นจ์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์˜์‹๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ฟˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊นจ์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์–ต๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐ์ •๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ ˜(REM) ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ค‘์—๋Š” ๋‡Œ์˜ ๊ฐ์ • ์˜์—ญ์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋А์Šจํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ๋™์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด, ๊ฐ์ •์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์š”์ธ์„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ ค ์ ์‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” โ€˜๋ฐค์ƒ˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ(overnight therapy)โ€˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์ „ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊ฟ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์•…๋ชฝ์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์—ญ๊ฒฝ์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด, ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ์••๋„๋‹นํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ๊ฐ์„ ๋А๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜ํ•ด์ผ ๊ฟˆโ€™์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฐ์ •์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์‘ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฟˆ์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋น„๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ž˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Š” ๊นจ์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ถ๊ณผ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฟˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป๋Š” ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ฟˆ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ฟˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ฐ๋ชฝ(lucid dreaming)์€ ๊ฟˆ์†์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์•…๋ชฝ์„ ๊ฒช๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฟˆ์†์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ๊ณผ ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฟˆ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊นจ์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ถ์—์„œ ์˜์‹์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ฃŒํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆˆ์•ž์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ฒด๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ฃ . ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜์‹์€ ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์œ ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šฐ๋ฉฐ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Vox์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ ํŒŸ์บ์ŠคํŠธ โ€˜The Gray Areaโ€™์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๊ณผํ•™์ž ๋ฏธ์…ธ ์นด(Michelle Carr) ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ž ์ž๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—๋„ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์˜์‹์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์นด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฟˆ๊ณผ ์•…๋ชฝ์˜ ์‹ ๋น„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฟˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ , ์ธ์ง€์  ์ด์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊นŠ์ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ž ์ž๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์˜์‹: ๊ฟˆ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?

๋ฏธ์…ธ ์นด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” โ€œ๊ฟˆ์€ ์ž ์ž๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์˜์‹ ๊ฒฝํ—˜โ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ฎ ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋А๋ผ๊ณ , ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์ž ๋“  ๋ฐค์—๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๊ณ„์†๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฟˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์˜์‹์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ž ๋“  ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์นด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊นจ์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ์˜์‹์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์˜ค๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ • ์ž‘์—…์— ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ชฝ์ƒ์— ์ž ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์žŠ๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ฉด์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋น ์ ธ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ . ์ž ์ž๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—๋„ ์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋А๋ผ๊ณ , ์‚ด๊ณ , ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ๊ฟˆ์ด ๊นจ์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์‹๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์˜์‹์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฟˆ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ: โ€˜๋ฐค์ƒ˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒโ€™์™€ ๊ฐ์ • ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ

๊ฟˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ด€์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ทธ๋ฌธํŠธ ํ”„๋กœ์ดํŠธ(Sigmund Freud)์˜ ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฟˆ์ด ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ •๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์ดํŠธ์  ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฟˆ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊นจ์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ์ •๋“ค์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊นจ์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํŠน์ • ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์–ต๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š”, ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊ฟ€ ๋•Œ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ •์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๊นจ์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋А์Šจํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ๋™์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  โ€œ๋ฐค์ƒ˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ(overnight therapy)โ€œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฟˆ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ ˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด(REM sleep, Rapid Eye Movement sleep)์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์ •์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์š”์ธ์„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚  ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฟˆ์ด ์–ต์••๋œ ๊ฐ์ •๋งŒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž ์ž๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ์ •์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŠน์ • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์ „ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ(๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์ •์  ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋“ฑ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊ฟ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฟˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์‘์ ์ธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฟˆ์ด ์—†๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ ˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์žฌํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊นจ์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ๋” ์‰ฌ์šด ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ: ๊ฟˆ์€ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ธ๊ฐ€?

๊ฟˆ์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ฟˆ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์žฌ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์—, ์˜ˆ์ธก์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฟˆ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์žฌ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋“ค์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฟˆ์€ ํšŒ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์žฌํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค๋„ ๊ฟˆ์†์—์„œ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ ˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๋™์•ˆ ๋‡Œ์˜ ํ”ผ์งˆ ์˜์—ญ(cortical areas)์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ์ €์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊นจ์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ค‘์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ต ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ ์ „์ฒด์— ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํผ์ ธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์™€ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ์ƒํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋•์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด, ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž ์ž๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์ž์ „์  ๊ธฐ์–ต ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ(autobiographical memory network)์— ํŽธ์ž…์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹จ์ง€ ํŒŒํŽธ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ๋” ๋„“์€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์†์—์„œ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์•…๋ชฝ์˜ ์—ญ์„ค: ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฟˆ

์นด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ์•…๋ชฝ์„ โ€œ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฟˆโ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ธ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•…๋ชฝ์˜ ์—ญ์„ค์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•…๋ชฝ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ์—ญ๊ฒฝ, ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด, ๋˜๋Š” ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…์ข… ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ์—ญ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด๋ณ„ ํ›„ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์••๋„๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋ ฅ๊ฐ์„ ๋А๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๊ฟˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž ์–ด๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ ํ•˜ํŠธ๋งŒ(Ernest Hartman)์€ ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์— ์••๋„๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์•…๋ชฝ์„ ๊พธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์••๋„๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๊ฟˆ์ด ํ˜•์ƒํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์•…๋ชฝ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฐ์ •์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ •์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ ์‘์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊นจ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์•…๋ชฝ์€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์˜จ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐœํœ˜๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•…๋ชฝ์ด ๋œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•ด์ ธ์•ผ ๊ฟˆ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์žฆ์€ ์•…๋ชฝ์€ ์ •์‹  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ํ•ด๋กœ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ์ƒ ํ›„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์žฅ์• (PTSD)๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ์  ์ฆ์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋†’์€ ์ž์‚ด ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‹ ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์žฆ๊ณ  ๊ดด๋กœ์šด ์•…๋ชฝ์„ ๊พธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆํ™˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’๊ณ , ์•„์นจ ์ฝ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์†”(cortisol) ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•…๋ชฝ์€ ํœด์‹์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์‹ ์ฒด์— ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ”ํ•œ ๊ฟˆ์˜ ํ…Œ๋งˆ์™€ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ

์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๋ น, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” โ€œ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๊ฟˆ ํ…Œ๋งˆ(typical dream themes)โ€œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์— ์••๋„๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์ด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋นจ์ด ๋น ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฟˆ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฟˆ์€ ๊นจ์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์€์œ ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋นจ์ด ๋น ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐค์— ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์Šต๊ด€๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฟˆ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์นจ๋Œ€์— ์ˆ˜ํ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„์›Œ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์  ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฟˆ์†์—์„œ ๋ชธ์„ ์›€์ง์ด๋ ค ํ•ด๋„ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ์„ ์žƒ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ œ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดํ•จ์—๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฟˆ์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ: ์ž๊ฐ๋ชฝ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„

โ€œ์ž๊ฐ๋ชฝ(lucid dreaming)โ€œ์€ ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์†์—์„œ ์˜์‹ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์•„์ ธ ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ• ์ง€, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ• ์ง€, ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ• ์ง€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—ด์–ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์•…๋ชฝ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•…๋ชฝ์„ ๊พธ๋Š” ๋„์ค‘ โ€œ์•„, ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฟˆ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์•ผโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ๋งˆ์น˜ ์•…๋ชฝ์—์„œ ๊นจ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ ๋А๋ผ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋„๊ฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ์„ ๋А๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด, ์•…๋ชฝ์„ ๊ฒช๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฟˆ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ฐ๋ชฝ์„ ๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ์นด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  1. ๊ฟˆ ์ผ๊ธฐ(dream journal) ์ž‘์„ฑ: ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฟˆ์†์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋– ๋‚œ ๋ฐ˜๋ ค๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฟˆ์— ์ž์ฃผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ฟˆ์†์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ โ€˜๊ฟˆ์˜ ์ง•ํ›„(dream signs)โ€˜๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  2. ์˜๋„ ์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”: ์•„์นจ์— ์ผ์ฐ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ 20๋ถ„ ์ •๋„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‚ด์–ด ์ž๊ฐ๋ชฝ์„ ๊พธ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•œ ๊ฟˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฟˆ์ด๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด, โ€œ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ ค๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฟˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ž๊ฐ๋ชฝ์„ ๊พธ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ž ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฟˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ฐ๋ชฝ์„ ๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ฐ๋ชฝ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชธ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ˆˆ์„ ์™ผ์ชฝ-์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์—ฌ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”์ฒญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง“๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฐก๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด ํ‘œ์ •๋„ ๊ฟˆ์†์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ค์ œ ์–ผ๊ตด์—์„œ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์„ ๊พธ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์—๋„ ์˜์‹์ ์ธ ์†Œํ†ต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ž๊ฐ๋ชฝ์€ ํ•™์Šต ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ๋„ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ฐ๋ชฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์˜์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์†์—์„œ ๋ฌผ์ด ์ ค๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ํ’€์žฅ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ €ํ•ญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ํ›ˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ž๊ฐ๋ชฝ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ œ(๋‹คํŠธ ๋˜์ง€๊ธฐ, ํ•˜๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์นด ์—ฐ์ฃผ ๋“ฑ)๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‹ค์ œ ๊ธฐ์–ต ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฟˆ์„ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ์—†๋Š”๊ฐ€?

๊ฟˆ์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋ ค๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ์นด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฟˆ์— ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ต์ œ๋ ฅ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋„ ์˜ํ™” โ€˜์ธ์…‰์…˜โ€™์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฟˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฟˆ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฐ„ํ˜น ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์ž๊ฐ๋ชฝ์„ ๊ฟ”์„œ ์•„์นจ์— ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•จ์„ ๋А๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ทนํžˆ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ฐ๋ชฝ์„ ๊พธ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด๋„ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ •๋„, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ „์ฒด ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ 5๋ถ„ ์ •๋„์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ฐ๋ชฝ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์นด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฟˆ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์˜์‹์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ

์นด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜์‹์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ธ์ง€ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊นจ์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ถ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์‹์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฟˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜์‹์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์œ ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ์—ฐ์ƒ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋‚˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์—๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์€ ํ”„๋กœ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฟˆ์„ โ€œ๋ฌด์˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์™•๋„(royal road to the unconscious)โ€œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฟˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์˜์‹์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์Œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ™˜์ƒ ์†์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•  ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์„ ๋ฟ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฟˆ๊ณผ ์˜์‹์˜ ์‹ ๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฟˆ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฐค์˜ ํ™˜์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ž ๋“  ๋™์•ˆ์—๋„ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์˜์‹์˜ ์˜์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ฐ๋ชฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ํ†ต์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์˜๋ ฅ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฟˆ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์˜์—ญ์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฟˆ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜์‹๊ณผ ์กด์žฌ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹จ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


โ€œInside the $200 Billion Mormon Empire. (full documentary)โ€ โ€” Johnny Harris ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ณธ ์˜์ƒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ

2000์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ: ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์—ฌ์ •

์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ์š”์•ฝ

์กฐ๋‹ˆ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ต์˜ ์ฐฝ์‹œ์ž ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‰ด์š• ๋ถ๋ถ€์˜ ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ฒฉ๋ณ€๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ณด๋ฌผ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ๋ฌธํ™” ์†์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ 2์ฒœ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ์ œ๊ตญ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ถ”์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1800๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์ข…๊ต์  ๋ถ€ํฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ข…๋ง๋ก ์  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋‹น์‹œ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฏผ์† ๋งˆ๋ฒ•, ํˆฌ์‹œ์„(seer stones) ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ณด๋ฌผ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ข…๊ต์  ๋น„์ „์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 14์„ธ์— ์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒœ์‚ฌ ๋ชจ๋กœ๋‚˜์ด์—๊ฒŒ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆํŒ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ €์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ฒฝ์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์— ๊ฐ•๋ฆผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ , ์œ ์ „ํ•™์ , ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌดํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” ์ด ์ฑ…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž๋กœ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ถ”์ข…์ž๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•„ 1830๋…„ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์˜ ์‹ ํ•™์€ ์‹ ์ด ์œก์ฒด์™€ ์•„๋‚ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์กด์žฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ธ ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ์— ์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„์  ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์ธ ์‹œ์˜จ(Zion)์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ์žฌ๋ฆผ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ญ์„คํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ต ์‹ ์•™์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค, ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์ง€๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด์ฃผ ๋‚˜๋ถ€(Nauvoo)์— ๊ตํšŒ์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ต์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ข…๊ต์  ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด, ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€๊ณผ ์—ด๋ง์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์  ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ๊ณผ ๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ธ ๋น„์ „์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์šด๋™์ด ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ณ  ์กฐ์งํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋”์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค. ์ด ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ํ‰์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€ ์†์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„์˜จ ์กฐ๋‹ˆ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค๋˜, ํฌ๋ง๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ, ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์™€ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐฌ ์ข…๊ต์˜ ์ฐฝ์‹œ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์™”๊ณ  ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ•œ ์ฒญ๋…„์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์‹ ์•™ ์šด๋™์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” 2000์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ ์ œ๊ตญ, ์ฆ‰ ๋ง์ผ์„ฑ๋„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„ ๊ตํšŒ(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, LDS)์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ์กฐ๋‹ˆ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์ธ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ˜ผ๋ˆ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€: 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ

์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” 1805๋…„, ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ์˜๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝํ•œ ์ง€ ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ†ต์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ข…๊ต์—๋„ ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ค‘ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตํšŒ์— ์ถœ์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 10%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜์  ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ฉ”์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ณจ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ์„ค๊ต์ž๋“ค์ด ์ข…๊ต ๋ถ€ํฅ ์šด๋™์„ ์ด๋Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋‰ด์š• ๋ถ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ข…๊ต์  ์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ , ํ‘œํ˜„์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ข…๊ต๋“ค์ด ์˜› ๊ถŒ์œ„์ ์ธ ๊ตํšŒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋™์‹œ์— ๋‰ด์š• ๋ถ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ณด๋ฌผ์ฐพ๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ดํ’์— ํœฉ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ํ•ด์ ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌป์–ด๋‘” ๋ณด๋ฌผ, ํ˜น์€ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋งค์žฅ์ง€์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์œ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•(folk magic)๊ณผ ์ „์„ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์•ผ์„(seer stone), ์ˆ˜์ •, ๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ธฐ, ๊ฟˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ™˜์ƒ ๋“ฑ ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋™์›ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฌผ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค ์—ญ์‹œ ์ด ๋ณด๋ฌผ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์—ดํ’์— ๊นŠ์ด ๋น ์ ธ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ •๊ทœ ๊ต์œก์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ธ€์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ข…๊ต์ ์ด์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‚˜์ด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ๋ณด๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฌผ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šด ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ข…๊ต์  ์—ด์ •๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ด ๋’ค์„ž์ธ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์†์—์„œ, ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ข…๋ง๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜์˜ ์žฌ๋ฆผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  โ€˜์ฒœ๋…„์™•๊ตญ(Millennium)โ€˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์˜ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋˜ ๋•Œ, ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ๊ณ„์‹œ์™€ ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ฒฝ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ

1820๋…„ ๋ด„, 14์„ธ์˜ ์กฐ์…‰์€ ์ข…๊ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์„ ๋А๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ˆฒ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋А ๊ตํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ๋œ ๊ตํšŒ์ธ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜๊ป˜ ๋ฌป๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ง์ผ์„ฑ๋„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„ ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” โ€˜์ œ1์‹œํ˜„(First Vision)โ€˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ค‘ ์•…๋งˆ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์น˜๊ณ  ํƒœ์–‘๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฐ์€ ๋น›๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ ์†์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์•„๋“ค ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๋Š” ์กฐ์…‰์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตํšŒ๋„ ์ฐธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์…‰ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์ฐธ๋œ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ข…๋ง๊ณผ ์žฌ๋ฆผ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•  ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ€๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ช‡ ๋…„ ํ›„์ธ 1823๋…„, ์ฒญ๋…„์ด ๋œ ์กฐ์…‰์—๊ฒŒ โ€˜๋ชจ๋กœ๋‚˜์ด(Moroni)โ€˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ฒœ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋กœ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์˜ ์žฌ๋ฆผ์ด ์ž„๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์…‰์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ถ€๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™•์ธ์‹œ์ผœ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์กฐ์…‰์˜ ์ง‘ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ์–ธ๋•์— ๋ฌปํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆํŒ(golden plates)์— ์“ฐ์ธ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 600๋…„๊ฒฝ ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ์˜จ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋กœ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” ์ด ๊ธˆํŒ์„ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฌปํ˜€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ์ž, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์กฐ์…‰์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 21์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ์กฐ์…‰์€ โ€˜์ฟ ๋ชจ๋ผ ์–ธ๋•(Hill Cumorah)โ€˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ธˆํŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด์ œ 20๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋น„ํ•™๋ ฅ, ๋น„์ข…๊ต์  ๋ณด๋ฌผ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ณด๋ฌผ์ฐพ๊ธฐ์—์„œ โ€˜๋ฒˆ์—ญโ€™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์…‰์€ ๊ธˆํŒ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•œ ํ›„, ๋‰ด์š•์˜ ํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ์˜ค๋‘๋ง‰์—์„œ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ด ๊ธˆ์†ํŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ง‰ ํ•œ์ชฝ์— ์•‰์•„ ์‹œ์•ผ์„(seer stone)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธˆํŒ์˜ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ์ƒํ˜•๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•„์‚ฌ์ž(scribe)์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์ˆ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ธˆํŒ ์—†์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์•ผ์„์„ ๋ชจ์ž ์•ˆ์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ  ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋ชจ์ž์— ํŒŒ๋ฌป์€ ์ฑ„, ๋Œ์—์„œ ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ 588ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ, ์ฆ‰ โ€˜๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ฒฝ(Book of Mormon)โ€˜์ด ๋ถˆ๊ณผ 90์ผ ๋งŒ์— ์™„์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธฐ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šด ํ™˜์ƒ, ๋ณด๋ฌผ์ฐพ๊ธฐ, ์‹œ์•ผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋“ฑ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์œ ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์กฐ์…‰์€ ์ด๋ฏธ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•ด์™”๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์กฐ์…‰์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ณด๋ฌผ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์  ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ข…๊ต ๋ถ€ํฅ ์šด๋™๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ฒฝ์€ ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ๊ณผ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง์ผ์„ฑ๋„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„ ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ์‹ ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž์  ๊ถŒ๋Šฅ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋†๋ถ€์˜€๋˜ ์กฐ์…‰์ด ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ๋งŒ์— ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์„ ์ €์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋†€๋ผ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•ด ๋ถ™์—ฌ๋„ฃ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„ ๋งŽ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ตํ›ˆ, ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ, ํžˆ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์–ด์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋‚ด์šฉ๋“ค๋„ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฑ…์€ ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฆผ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž์ž„์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ฒฝ์€ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 600๋…„๊ฒฝ ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ์˜จ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋Œ€์–‘์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋‘ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ธ ๋‹ˆํŒŒ์ด์ธ(Nephites)๊ณผ ๋ ˆ์ด๋งจ์ธ(Lamanites)์€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋‹คํˆฌ๊ณ , ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž์™€ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ํŽผ์ณ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์„œ๋ฌธ์—๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด๋งจ์ธ๋“ค์ด โ€œ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๋””์–ธ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์กฐ์ƒโ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „ โ€œ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๋””์–ธ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜โ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์ , ์œ ์ „ํ•™์ , ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฑ…์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์„œ๊ธฐ 33๋…„, ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜์—์„œ ์‹ญ์ž๊ฐ€์— ๋ชป ๋ฐ•ํžŒ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ™œํ•œ ํ›„ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์žฅ๋ฉด์€ ๋งŽ์€ LDS ๊ตํšŒ์— ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑธ๋ ค ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์‹œ์˜จ์˜ ๊ฟˆ: ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹ ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๋น„์ „

1830๋…„, ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์ด ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž์ž„์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ”์ข…์ž๋“ค์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ•ด 4์›”, ๋‰ด์š• ํŒŒ์˜ˆํŠธ(Fayette)์˜ ํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ์ง‘์—์„œ ์ถ”์ข…์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” ๋งค์ผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋‹˜๊ณผ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๊ต์—์„œ๋„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์‹ ํ•™์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ ํ•™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์€ ์‚ด๊ณผ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‚จ์ž์ด๋ฉฐ ์•„๋‚ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ โ€˜์ง€์„ฑ์ฒด(intelligences)โ€˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜์›ํ•œ ๋น›์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์˜€๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•˜๋Š˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜(Heavenly Parents)์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜์ ์ธ ์ž๋…€๋กœ ๋‚ณ์•„ ์ด ๋•…์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์œก์ฒด๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ๋„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋˜์–ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ์˜ ์˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ , ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์˜์‹์„ ์™„์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜๊ป˜ ์ˆœ์ข…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์€ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ตํšŒ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ถŒ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์†์ฃ„ํ•  ๊ตฌ์„ธ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜์ ์ธ ํ˜•์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ธ ์—ฌํ˜ธ์™€(Jehovah, ํ›—๋‚  ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜)๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ตฌ์„ธ์ฃผ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ž์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ์ž๋…€๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ญ์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ์—, ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์€ ์˜ค๋žœ ์„ธ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๊ณ  ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์˜์‹์„ ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™œ๊ณก๋˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ ์„ธ์ƒ์€ โ€˜๋ฐฐ๊ต(apostasy)โ€˜์— ๋น ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋‹˜์ด ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž๋กœ ์˜ค์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋„๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ๊ถŒ์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋‹˜์˜ ๊ตํšŒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ •์น˜์— ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜์–ด ๋‹ค์‹œ โ€˜๋Œ€๋ฐฐ๊ต(Great Apostasy)โ€˜์— ๋น ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜๋‹˜์ด ๊ณง ์žฌ๋ฆผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ์—, ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€์–‘์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ ๋ถ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข…๊ต์˜ ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๋„๋ก ๋„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ํ›„, ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ถ€๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹ ํ•™์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ1์‹œํ˜„๊ณผ ์ฒœ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด ํšŒ๋ณต์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๋„ ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋กœ, ์•ผ๊ณ ๋ณด, ์š”ํ•œ์ด ์กฐ์…‰์—๊ฒŒ โ€˜์‹ ๊ถŒ(priesthood)โ€˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ถŒ์„ธ๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃผ์–ด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์…‰์€ ์ด์ œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ง€์ƒ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ์™•๊ตญ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒœ๋…„์™•๊ตญ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•  ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์˜ ๊ตํšŒ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ์ข…๊ต ์šด๋™์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ข…๋ง, ์ข…๋ง๋ก , ์ง€์ƒ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ์™•๊ตญ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ์ฒœ๋…„์™•๊ตญ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋“ฑ์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์ด ์œก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ณ  ์•„๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ต๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œ ๋Œ€ ์‹ ๋น„์ฃผ์˜, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•, ํ™˜์ƒ, ๋ณต์Œ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํ”„๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”์ด์Šจ(Freemasonry) ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋…ํŠนํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ž์ธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๊ต์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋…ํŠนํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋œ ์‹ ์•™ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ „๋ก€ ์—†๋Š” ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž๋กœ ๋ฏฟ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์†์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๊พธ๋ฏผ ์ฒœ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ข…์ž๋“ค์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ž ๋งŽ์€ ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ›„์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ ์†์—์„œ ์กฐ์…‰์€ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์–ด โ€˜๋ฌด์งˆ์„œํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ(disorderly person)โ€˜๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ์ถ”์ข…์ž๋“ค์ด ๋– ๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ต๋„๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋‚˜๊ธด ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ด์ฃผ ์—ฌ์ •์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์…‰์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์ด ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€, ์ฆ‰ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„์‹œ์ด์ž ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์  ์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„ ์‚ฌํšŒ, โ€˜์‹œ์˜จ(Zion)โ€˜์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•  ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์˜จ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ข…๋ง๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ์žฌ๋ฆผ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋  โ€˜์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜(New Jerusalem)โ€˜์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” ์‹œ์˜จ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ โ€œ๋ ˆ์ด๋งจ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์—(On the borders by the Lamanites)โ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด๋งจ์ธ์€ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์„ ์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์ œ ์ด์ฃผ์‹œ์ผฐ๋˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค ๋ฐฑ์ธ ์ •์ฐฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์˜จ์˜ ๋•…์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์กฐ์…‰์€ ์‹œ์˜จ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ข…์ด์— ์Šค์ผ€์น˜ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๊ฒฉ์žํ˜• ๋„๋กœ, ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํ• ๋œ ๋ถ€์ง€, 1๋งˆ์ผ ์ œ๊ณฑ ์ด๋‚ด์˜ ํ† ์ง€, ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ 25ํ”ผํŠธ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ฃผํƒ, ๋ฒฝ๋Œ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ์ง‘๋“ค, ๋„์‹œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋†์žฅ ๋“ฑ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์‹œ์˜จ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ์˜ˆ๋ฃจ์‚ด๋ ˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฒ ๋“ค๋ ˆํ—ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ ์œ ๋Œ€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„์‹œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—๋Š” ์„ฑ์ „์ด ์ž๋ฆฌํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (ํ›—๋‚  ์†”ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ดํฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ์™€ ์œ ํƒ€์ฃผ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์ด ์ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฑด์„ค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.) ์กฐ์…‰์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต๋œ ์™•๊ตญ์„ ๋ฌธ์ž ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž์›์ด ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ฒœ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ์ดˆ์ง„๋ณด์ ์ธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์ด ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ „, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์˜จ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ์˜จ์˜ ๋น„์ „์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐœ์ข…์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฐ•ํ•ด์™€ ์„œ๋ถ€ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘

์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค์—์„œ ๊ตํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ต ์‹ ์•™ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋ถ™์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒœ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ง€์˜ฅ ๋Œ€์‹  ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฒœ๊ตญ(kingdoms of Heaven)์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆœ์ข…๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์™•๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์˜ โ€˜ํ•ด์˜ ์™•๊ตญ(Celestial Kingdom)โ€˜์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ ค๋ฉด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๊ถŒ์„ธ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ์˜์›ํžˆ ์ธ๋ด‰(sealed)๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜คํ•˜์ด์˜ค ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๊ต ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด ๋น„์ „์„ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ€์›Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์ž˜ ์กฐ์ง๋˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹ ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋–ผ ์ง€์–ด ๋ชฐ๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์กฐ์…‰์€ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ํญ๋„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋Œ๋ ค ๋‚˜์™€ ํƒ€๋ฅด์™€ ๊นƒํ„ธ ์„ธ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ ์กฐ์…‰์˜ ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ์ด์ž ์ „ ํ•„์‚ฌ์ž์˜€๋˜ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ ์นด์šฐ๋”๋ฆฌ(Oliver Cowdery)๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์˜จ์˜ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์ƒ‰ ์ค‘ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ ์žญ์Šจ ์นด์šดํ‹ฐ(Jackson County, Missouri)๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด๋งจ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ด๊ณณ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์ด ์„ฑ๋„๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘๊ฒฐ์ง€๋กœ ์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ์˜จ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์กฐ์…‰์€ ์ „ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๊ณณ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋•…์„ ์„ฑ๋„๋“ค์ด ๋งค์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณ„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ด๊ณณ์ด ์•„๋‹ด๊ณผ ์ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ์—๋ด ๋™์‚ฐ์˜ ์›๋ž˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ข…๋ง์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ๋•…์ด์ž ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ต๋„๋“ค์€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋•…์„ ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ ์žฌ๋ฆผ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ, ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ, ํ˜น์€ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ์˜จ ๊ฑด์„ค์— ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ต๋„๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ž…์„ ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ต๋„๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋„์‹œ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๊ต ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์ข…๋ง์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ต๋„๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์œ  ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ๋นผ์•—์•„ ์‹œ์˜จ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ  ํญ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋งž์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง‘์„ ๋ถˆํƒœ์šฐ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์กฐ์…‰์ด ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ต๋„๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ซ“๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ดํ›„ 5๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์กฐ์…‰๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตํšŒ๋Š” ๋ฏธ ์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€ ์ „์—ญ์„ ๋– ๋Œ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋“ค์˜ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์ €ํ•ญ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹นํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ์€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ต๋„๋“ค์€ ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์ „๋ฉด์ „์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ฃผ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์ง€์‚ฌ๋Š” โ€œ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ต๋„๋“ค์€ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต๊ณต ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ฌ๋ฉธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์ถ”๋ฐฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹คโ€๋Š” โ€˜์„ฌ๋ฉธ๋ น(Extermination Order)โ€˜์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์•…ํ™”๋˜์ž, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด์ฃผ๋กœ ํ”ผ์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ Š์€ ์˜์› ์—์ด๋ธŒ๋Ÿฌํ–„ ๋ง์ปจ(Abraham Lincoln)์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ต๋„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์‹œ์˜จ ์›์น™์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€(charter)๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ํžˆ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋กœ โ€œ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ณณโ€์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜๋‚˜๋ถ€(Nauvoo)โ€˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‚˜๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ต๋„๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์˜จ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตํšŒ์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์ข…๊ต ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ •์ฐฉ์ง€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์…‰์€ ๋ฒ•์›๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€(militia)์˜ ์ˆ˜์žฅ์„ ๊ฒธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์…‰์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด ๋ณต์Œ์„ ์ „ํŒŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹œ์˜จ ๊ฑด์„ค์— ๋™์ฐธํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ดˆ์ฒญํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์กฐ๋‹ˆ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์™ธ๊ณ ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๋„ ๊ณ„์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‚˜๋ถ€์—์„œ ์กฐ์…‰์€ ์ฒœ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜์ง€์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ช…์˜ ์•„๋‚ด๋ฅผ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์•„๋‚ด๋“ค์„ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๋ด‰ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๊ฒฐํ˜ผ(plural marriage, polygamy)์€ ์‹ญ๋Œ€ ์†Œ๋…€์™€์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” 3๋…„ ๋งŒ์— 40๋ช…์˜ ์•„๋‚ด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚จ์ž์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž์ธ ์กฐ์…‰๊ณผ ์ธ๋ด‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ ์€ ์ด๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตํšŒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ„์‹œ์™€ ์‹ ํ•™์  ๊ทœ์น™, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์€ โ€˜๊ต๋ฆฌ์™€ ์„ฑ์•ฝ(Doctrine and Covenants)โ€˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฌธ์„œ์— ๊ผผ๊ผผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณต์ˆ˜๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์€ ์กฐ์…‰๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๊ตญํ•œ๋œ ๋น„๋ฐ€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ณ„์‹œ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

1844๋…„, ์‹œ์˜จ์˜ ๊ฟˆ์€ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด์—์„œ ๋ถˆํƒ€์˜ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์กฐ์…‰์€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ถœ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์„  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ์™€ ์ถ”์ข…์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์˜จ์„ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‹œ์˜จ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์šด๋™์€ ์ฐธํ˜นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์กฐ์…‰์€ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜์  ์œ„ํ˜‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ถ”์ข…์ž๋“ค์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋”์šฑ ์•…ํ™”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์…‰์—๊ฒŒ ๋™์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ต๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋‚˜๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•˜์ž, ์กฐ์…‰์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ง์„ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์ธ์‡„์†Œ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ„์—„๋ น์„ ์„ ํฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์กฐ์…‰์„ ํญ๋™ ์„ ๋™ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ์ฒดํฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜”๊ณ , ์ดํ‹€ ํ›„ 200๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ํญ๋„๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์„ ์Šต๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์…‰๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ˜•์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด์œผ๋กœ ์˜์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฐฝ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋‹ค ์ถ”๋ฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 38์„ธ์˜ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ˆœ๊ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ๋‹ˆ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค์˜ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ

์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ˆœ๊ต์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ชฌ๊ฒฝ์„ ์†์— ๋“  ์ฑ„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋น„์ „๊ณผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธํ•˜๋‹ค ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ์‹œ์˜จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์ „์— ๋ถˆ์„ ์ง€ํˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ง์ผ์„ฑ๋„๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์˜จ์„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑด์„คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ , ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ์ชฝ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”(๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์˜ํ† ์˜€๋˜ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์œ ํƒ€)์˜ ์‚ฐ์•… ์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” 2๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์กฐ๋‹ˆ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ด๊ณ  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข…๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜€๊ณ , ๋ณด๋ฌผ, ํ™˜์ƒ, ์ฒœ์‚ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํƒ๋œ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ, ํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ ํ•œ ๋œป์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„ ์‚ฌํšŒ, ์•ˆ์ „๊ณผ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค๋…„ ๋ง์ผ์„ฑ๋„๋“ค์ด ์กฐ์…‰์ด ๊ธˆํŒ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๋‰ด์š• ๋ถ๋ถ€์˜ ์–ธ๋•์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ํŽผ์น˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์กฐ์…‰ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐฌ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์กฐ๋‹ˆ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” 20๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊นŠ์ด ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์†์—์„œ ๊นŠ์€ ์œ„์•ˆ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๊ต์™€๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ข…์ข… ์กฐ๋กฑ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ์ข…๊ต์˜ ์ผ์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์…‰๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ถ”์ข…์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ์ˆœ๊ต์™€ ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋Š” ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ๋˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด์ž, ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์˜ˆ์–ธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ข…๋ง์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‹ ์•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€๊ณผ ์œ„์•ˆ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ ํƒ๋œ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„œ์‚ฌ์— ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์™ธ๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๋‹ˆ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ž์‹ ์˜