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June 2, 2026

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Based on โ€œABC Newsโ€™ Martha Raddatz on โ€˜The Hero Next Door,โ€™ her collection of veteransโ€™ storiesโ€ from NPR Podcasts Watch the original video

Unveiling the Unseen: Martha Raddatz on the Heroes Living Next Door

Episode summary

ABC News correspondent Martha Raddatz, author of The Hero Next Door, shares powerful stories of veterans, emphasizing their everyday heroism and the disconnect between civilian life and military experience. She recounts meeting Mark Little, an Army second lieutenant who, after surviving two IED blasts that cost him his lower legs, still managed to crack jokes about his mom โ€œkilling himโ€ for not disclosing his dangerous job. Littleโ€™s remarkable resilience led him to found a non-profit for wounded veterans and stand on prosthetic legs for his promotion ceremony at the Iwo Jima memorial.

Raddatz stresses the importance of understanding these โ€œguys next doorโ€ who serve, advocating for greater media coverage of military personnel and combat zones. She laments the current lack of access for journalists, arguing that informed decisions about war require knowing the people fighting it, a truth often obscured by limited reporting from the front lines.

For decades, ABC News correspondent Martha Raddatz has been a singular voice from the front lines, bearing witness to the raw realities of war and the profound human stories embedded within. From the battlefields of Afghanistan and Iraq to the quiet lives of veterans back home, Raddatz has consistently sought to bridge the chasm between the military experience and the civilian understanding. This mission takes center stage in her latest book, The Hero Next Door: Stories of Patriotism and Purpose, a collection that spotlights the extraordinary courage and resilience of everyday Americans who just might live down the street.

Raddatz, whose career began at NPR before her extensive tenure at ABC News, has spent years embedded with U.S. troops, observing firsthand the dangers and sacrifices inherent in service. This proximity has afforded her a unique perspective, one she feels compelled to share. โ€œI have always considered myself kind of a bridge,โ€ she explains, aiming to help those who โ€œdo not understand the military, who donโ€™t understand that these are the guys next door who four days before they were in a war zone were in a minivan taking their kids to school.โ€ It is this profound disconnect that her book seeks to address, offering intimate glimpses into lives irrevocably shaped by conflict, yet often overlooked by a public removed from the immediate impact of war.

The Indomitable Spirit of Mark Little

Among the many compelling narratives Raddatz shares, the story of Mark Little stands out as a powerful testament to the themes of her book. Raddatz first encountered Army Second Lieutenant Mark Little in Iraq in 2007. Little, a leader of patrols, had already survived one improvised explosive device (IED) attack, enduring a severe concussion. Despite being told he couldnโ€™t return to duty, his unwavering desire to be with his men meant he despised the month of paperwork that followed. โ€œAll he wanted to do was get back there,โ€ Raddatz recounts, a sentiment she observed repeatedly among soldiers.

Upon his return to patrol, a twist of fate, or perhaps a leaderโ€™s intuition, placed him in a different seat. He had decided one of his men was not in the right mental state to go out that day, effectively saving that soldierโ€™s life by taking his place. It was in this very seat that Mark Littleโ€™s Humvee rolled over another IED. The explosion was catastrophic.

In the immediate aftermath, Markโ€™s leadership instincts kicked in. Despite the chaos, the smoke, and the searing heat of the burning vehicle, he barked orders to his men. It was only when he tried to push himself up from his seat, finding himself unable, that he looked down and realized the horrifying truth: his lower legs were gone. Yet, even in this bloody, traumatic moment, his resolve held. He managed to push open the smoking door, drag himself out, and astonishingly, apply a tourniquet to one of his own legs to stem the bleeding.

Raddatz herself was at the combat support hospital that day, trailing the medical team when the helicopter arrived carrying a soldier with a traumatic amputation. What she witnessed next was nothing short of miraculous. As Mark was being checked in, he was not screaming or despairing, but joking, engaging the medical staff in what Raddatz describes as โ€œa comedy routine.โ€ When she approached him for permission to film, he readily agreed, but with a surprising caveat: โ€œNo problem. No problem,โ€ he said, โ€œBut I got to tell you, my mom is going to kill me.โ€

This unexpected concern for his motherโ€™s reaction, after concealing his previous close calls, struck Raddatz profoundly. โ€œThat was the last thing I expected anyone to say who is being treated for a traumatic amputation,โ€ she recalls, reflecting on his charming, almost โ€œadorableโ€ demeanor on what should have been the worst day of his life. For Raddatz, a mother herself, the moment resonated deeply. She knew that Markโ€™s family, especially his mother, needed to hear every detail of his courage and resilience, not just the devastating news of his injury.

Mark Littleโ€™s story, however, doesnโ€™t end with his injury. He was fiercely determined to recover and return to a life of purpose. He rushed through the process of getting his prosthetic legs, and later, for his promotion, he stood proudly on those prosthetic limbs in front of the iconic Iwo Jima memorial. It was a perfect symbol of his spirit. Mark himself would tell you that the day of the IED wasnโ€™t the worst day of his life; โ€œit was the best day of his life because he didnโ€™t die.โ€ This incredible resilience led him to found a non-profit dedicated to helping other wounded veterans with their expenses, continuing his legacy of service and support.

The Shrinking Lens: Challenges in War Coverage

While Raddatz continues her extensive reporting for ABC News, covering a wide array of topics, she voices significant concern about the evolving landscape of war coverage. Despite facing pressures and lawsuits from previous administrations, she affirms that her journalistic mission remains steadfast. However, she notes a marked difference in access to the military and war zones compared to her earlier career.

โ€œItโ€™s a lot harder covering the Pentagon,โ€ she admits, lamenting the lack of intimate, on-the-ground stories from current conflicts, such as the ongoing war in Iraq. The days of reporters embedded on aircraft carriers or at forward operating bases seem to have diminished, replaced by infrequent press conferences. โ€œIt does not come,โ€ she says of the kind of direct reporting she once delivered.

Raddatz finds this lack of access and diminished coverage a โ€œshame.โ€ For her, itโ€™s not merely about journalistic access; itโ€™s about the publicโ€™s right to know and understand. โ€œIt is important not only to find the truth of what is happening, but to know the people who are over there performing these duties for us,โ€ she emphasizes. In a democracy, citizens are called upon to make informed decisions about war and peace, and Raddatz firmly believes that โ€œyou canโ€™t make clear decisions if you havenโ€™t seen it and know the people who are fighting it.โ€

Through The Hero Next Door, Martha Raddatz continues her vital work as a โ€œbridge,โ€ ensuring that the stories of patriotism, purpose, and profound sacrifice are heard. By bringing the experiences of veterans like Mark Little into the public consciousness, she reminds us that the heroes shaping our nationโ€™s history arenโ€™t just figures in distant headlines; they are often the ordinary, yet extraordinary, individuals living right next door.


Based on โ€œInside Trumpโ€™s Mad Dash to Renovate Washingtonโ€ from New York Times Podcasts Watch the original video

The Capitalโ€™s Grand Makeover: Trumpโ€™s Rush to Remake Washington

Episode summary

The New York Times podcast โ€œThe Dailyโ€ investigates President Trumpโ€™s extensive, multi-million dollar renovation projects in Washington D.C., focusing on Lafayette Park and the Reflecting Pool. Reporter David Fenthal uncovers how these projects bypass standard competitive bidding processes, citing the Lafayette Park fountain renovation as an example where a $17 million contract was awarded to Clark Construction without public bidding, despite an earlier estimate of $3-4 million.

This approach, characterized by no-bid contracts and inflated costs, raises concerns about transparency and the safeguarding of taxpayer money. While some projects, like the functioning fountains, are arguably beneficial, the lack of competitive bidding and potential conflicts of interestโ€”such as Clark Construction also building Trumpโ€™s White House ballroomโ€”suggests a disregard for established legal procedures designed to ensure the best value for public funds.

As America hurtles towards its 250th birthday this summer, Washington D.C. is undergoing an unprecedented and controversial transformation under the direction of President Trump. With hundreds of millions of taxpayer dollars being spent, the nationโ€™s capital is a flurry of construction, sparking a heated debate: are these projects a bold, necessary revitalization, or an ego-driven disregard for established norms and historical integrity? An investigation by The New York Timesโ€™ โ€œThe Dailyโ€ podcast delves into the details, revealing a pattern of no-bid contracts, inflated costs, and an unusual level of presidential influence bleeding into the cityโ€™s most iconic public spaces.

โ€œI think itโ€™s a mess,โ€ remarked one disappointed visitor, whose granddaughterโ€™s 16th birthday trip to D.C. was marred by the sight of the unfinished Reflecting Pool. Others, however, champion the efforts. โ€œI think itโ€™s good,โ€ said a supporter. โ€œTheyโ€™re fixing it up, making it look prettyโ€ฆ Love him. I 100% behind him. Heโ€™s making this wonderful DC look greatly beautiful again.โ€ The divide is stark, reflecting the broader national sentiment towards a presidency known for upending tradition.

This ambitious overhaul, led by President Trump in his second term, is focused on repairing and improving the physical surroundings of downtown Washington. But as reporter David Fenthal discovered, the methods employed raise serious questions about transparency, accountability, and the long-term impact on the cityโ€™s cherished monuments.

Lafayette Park: A Secret Contract and Double-Dipped Inflation

Our tour begins at Lafayette Park, a stoneโ€™s throw from the White House, where two large fountains, built in the 1960s, have been non-functional for years. The objective: repair them so water can flow again. โ€œItโ€™s not top secret. Itโ€™s not particularly hard,โ€ Fenthal notes, yet the contract for this seemingly simple job became shrouded in secrecy.

โ€œThe contract to fix this park is secret,โ€ Fenthal revealed. โ€œIt doesnโ€™t exist in any of the public databases of government spending.โ€ This is highly unusual for a public works project, especially one that isnโ€™t a national security installation. When the contract was eventually obtained, the story became even more intriguing.

The work was awarded on a no-bid basis to Clark Construction, a major Maryland-based company with a century of government contracting experience. The administration cited an โ€œurgent situationโ€ exemption in the law, typically reserved for natural disasters or wartime, as justification for bypassing the competitive bidding process. The โ€œurgencyโ€ in this case? The presidentโ€™s desire for the fountains to be ready by July 4th for the nationโ€™s 250th anniversary. However, as Fenthal points out, โ€œthe 250th anniversary of the country has been on the calendar for 250 years,โ€ and the administration had been planning for it for over a year, making the emergency claim dubious.

The cost of this no-bid contract further fueled concerns. Originally estimated by an independent estimator during the Biden era at $3-4 million, the current contract with Clark Construction is valued at $17 million. Fenthalโ€™s investigation uncovered that the Trump administration had โ€œpumped that figure up in a couple of ways that contracting officials told us was odd,โ€ including counting inflation twice. โ€œI want to count inflation twice,โ€ host Michael Barbaro quipped, highlighting the apparent absurdity.

Clark Constructionโ€™s selection is particularly noteworthy because they are also the company building President Trumpโ€™s White House ballroom. This ballroom project itself is shrouded in mystery, with uncertain dimensions and funding sources. Trump publicly claimed Clark would do the ballroom for free, a claim Fenthal doubts. This connection raises a critical question: โ€œIs the fountain project with its potentially inflated costs a thing you give a company doing you a favor?โ€ Fenthal posits that โ€œthere certainly are people that see it that way.โ€

The implications extend beyond just cost. As Barbaro observed, the presidentโ€™s approach to the highly controlled White House groundsโ€”keeping things secret, hand-picking contractorsโ€”seems to be โ€œbleeding outside the White House grounds into the real worldโ€ of public spaces governed by normal laws and transparency requirements. While the fountains are on track to be ready and will undoubtedly be beautiful, the process behind their repair sets a concerning precedent.

The Reflecting Pool: A Risky, Incomplete Fix

Next, our tour moves to the National Mallโ€™s iconic Reflecting Pool, a shallow basin amplifying the grandeur of both the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument. This is the stage for countless historical moments, from Martin Luther King Jr.โ€™s โ€œI Have a Dreamโ€ speech to massive protests and fictionalized scenes in โ€œForrest Gump.โ€ Today, however, itโ€™s a sprawling construction site, empty of water, filled with semi-trucks, generators, and porta-potties.

The Reflecting Pool has three persistent problems: leaks between its concrete slabs, leaky pipes connecting it to the filtration system, and an inadequate filtration system leading to algae blooms. Past administrations have attempted fixes, but none have fully succeeded.

Here, too, the Trump administration bypassed the competitive bidding process, awarding the contract directly to Atlantic Industrial Codings. This small company from New Canton, Virginia, has no advertised experience in swimming pools, specializing instead in things like coating highway culverts and fuel tanks. This is, in fact, their first-ever federal contract, making the Reflecting Pool a rather grand debut stage.

President Trumpโ€™s own account of how this company was chosen has been inconsistent. He initially claimed he selected them because they had โ€œdone a great job on my golf club in Northern Virginia,โ€ implying โ€œa poolโ€™s a pool.โ€ Later, he contradicted himself, stating, โ€œI donโ€™t know this company and they never worked for me.โ€ This shifting narrative only deepens the mystery of their selection.

The scope of work is also problematic. While the company is waterproofing the concrete slabs and a new filtration system is being installed via another contract, a crucial element is being neglected: the leaky pipes connecting the pool to its filtration system. โ€œIf those donโ€™t get fixed and they continue to leak,โ€ Fenthal explains, โ€œthen the algae problem could recur because youโ€™re not getting the water to the place where itโ€™s cleaned.โ€ This means the current $13.1 million projectโ€”a significant jump from Trumpโ€™s initial public estimate of $1.8 millionโ€”is likely not a permanent fix.

Documents obtained by Fenthal reveal that the plan for fixing the pool didnโ€™t originate with Park Service experts. Instead, it came from an โ€œadministration adviserโ€ identified as โ€œDavid S,โ€ likely David Schutzenhoffer, the general manager of Trumpโ€™s golf course in Bedminster, New Jersey. This outside influence on a major public infrastructure project, bypassing internal expertise, is highly unusual.

The inflated cost also includes a 20% charge for overhead and an additional 20% for profitโ€”percentages that even Park Service documents acknowledged as โ€œexcessive and inflated.โ€ The government agreed to these terms partly because it was under immense pressure to meet the July 4th deadline, even telling the company to begin work before a final price was negotiated. This left the government with โ€œvery little leverageโ€ to negotiate later.

Finally, even the aesthetic choices became presidential. Trump initially wanted the pool โ€œturquoise like the Bahamas,โ€ but settled on โ€œAmerican flag blue,โ€ a deep navy, after his contractorโ€™s advice. While experts believe this wonโ€™t affect the poolโ€™s reflectivity, it underscores the presidentโ€™s personal involvement in even the minutiae of these projects.

The Triumphal Arch: A Monument to Himself?

The most ambitious and contentious of Trumpโ€™s projects is the proposed United States Triumphal Arch. Envisioned as a massive, 250-foot-tall structureโ€”taller than Parisโ€™s Arc de Triomphe, adorned with golden angels and eaglesโ€”it would dominate the view across the Potomac River from the Lincoln Memorial, near Arlington National Cemetery. This would be the largest new monument on the National Mall in decades, on a scale with the Lincoln Memorial itself.

Trumpโ€™s method for advancing the arch is as unconventional as the others: he is attempting to bypass Congressional approval. He argues that a century-old Congressional approval for a โ€œsimilar sounding projectโ€ that was never built means the arch already has the necessary legislative green light. โ€œThatโ€™s extremely creative,โ€ Barbaro notes wryly.

Opposition to the arch is fierce. Protesters, complete with signs and a tuba, are a common sight near the proposed location. Veterans groups have filed lawsuits, arguing that the arch would disrupt the solemn view of Arlington National Cemetery. Representative Don Beyer, whose district includes the cemetery where his family is buried, described the arch as โ€œa towering 250 ft vanity project that would overshadow the resting place of our heroes and hide it from the view of visitors to the National Mall and Lincoln Memorial,โ€ calling it โ€œan act of desecration.โ€ Even the FAA has concerns, as the archโ€™s height places it on the flight path to Washington National Airport.

The fundamental question surrounding the arch is its purpose. Fenthalโ€™s โ€œreading of it is that he wants an arch. Heโ€™s talked about how all great cities have arches, London, Paris, Rome, and so Washington needs one.โ€ While Trump claims it celebrates โ€œall of us, the 250 years of American history,โ€ Fenthal suggests โ€œit seems in some ways to be more a monument to President Trump and his importance in American history.โ€

Traditionally, presidential memorials are built after a president leaves office, allowing history to judge their legacy and determine their worthiness of such a tribute. โ€œWe donโ€™t give every president. Thereโ€™s not a Grover Cleveland monument around here,โ€ Fenthal reminds us. โ€œTrump has decided to give himself that place effectively. And that is very emblematic of who heโ€™s been and all the ways heโ€™s discarded the so-called rules of politics.โ€

Despite legal challenges and public outcry, Fenthal bets the arch will ultimately be built. Congressional Democrats have introduced legislation to block it, but its passage is considered a long shot.

Beyond the Monuments: A Pattern of Disregard

These three projectsโ€”Lafayette Park, the Reflecting Pool, and the Triumphal Archโ€”are not isolated incidents. They represent a broader pattern of President Trumpโ€™s leadership style: a drive for rapid, visible change, often achieved by circumventing established rules, relying on personal connections, and injecting his personal preferences into public works.

This approach extends to other aspects of the 250th anniversary celebrations. The presidentโ€™s controversial $1.8 billion fund to compensate victims of government weaponization is facing legal challenges and internal pressure to be scrapped. A series of musical concerts on the National Mall, intended as a cornerstone of the anniversary, is collapsing after several performers withdrew, citing concerns that the event, initially presented as nonpartisan, was being planned and overseen by the president himself.

The Washington D.C. renovations under President Trump embody a tension between efficiency and accountability, between a bold vision and the preservation of historical integrity. While some argue that the projects are a much-needed modernization, others fear they are a costly and inappropriate exercise in ego. As David Fenthal concludes, โ€œYou canโ€™t seal your place in history and trust that it will stay that way. American history will still render some judgment on Trump. You canโ€™t just build a monument and forestall that. But he is certainly trying to make sure that he canโ€™t be forgotten.โ€ The physical landscape of Washington D.C. may be changing, but the debate over its meaning and the methods behind its transformation will likely resonate for years to come.


Based on โ€œAmericans donโ€™t know how to stop working | The Gray Areaโ€ from Vox Watch the original video

The Iron Cage We Built: How Americaโ€™s Work Ethic Was Hijacked

Episode summary

Voxโ€™s โ€œThe Gray Areaโ€ features philosopher Elizabeth Anderson, who argues that the American โ€œwork ethicโ€ has been โ€œhijackedโ€ from its original Puritan intent. While Puritans saw work as a calling that entitled workers to fair wages and a decent life, the Industrial Revolution created a sharp divide, leading to a conservative work ethic that morally justifies exploitation and wealth accumulation for capitalists, while workers toil in increasingly precarious conditions. This neoliberal ideology, prevalent since the late 20th century, fosters contempt for the poor and prioritizes profit and efficiency over human dignity.

Anderson emphasizes that this isnโ€™t an inherent flaw in hard work itself; rather, itโ€™s about the nature of the work and its rewards. To reclaim a pro-worker ethic, we must challenge the notion that personal virtue is solely tied to income and resist the societal pressure to constantly accumulate. Instead, viewers should advocate for policies that prioritize work-life balance, meaningful labor, and universal well-being, drawing inspiration from social democracies where leisure and family are valued over relentless consumption.

If youโ€™re American, the phrase โ€œwork ethicโ€ likely conjures a familiar image: the tireless employee, uncomplaining, always putting the job first. Itโ€™s the ideal worker, a model of dedication and self-sacrifice. But what if this widely accepted notion of hard work and personal responsibility isnโ€™t just a benign ideal, but a powerful, contested ideology that has been twisted against the very people it was supposed to uplift?

This is the central argument explored by philosopher Elizabeth Anderson in her ambitious book, Hijacked: How Neoliberalism Turned the Work Ethic against Workers and How Workers Can Take It Back. In a recent conversation on Voxโ€™s The Gray Area, Anderson, a professor of public philosophy at the University of Michigan, unpacks the complex history of the Protestant work ethic, revealing how its original intent was subverted, leading to the economic and social anxieties that plague the modern American workforce. From burnout and layoffs to the looming threat of AI, understanding this history, Anderson contends, is more crucial than ever.

The Puritan Paradox: More Than Just โ€œNose to the Grindstoneโ€

The commonly understood origin of the Protestant work ethic (PWE) traces back to the German social theorist Max Weber, who described it as a โ€œdreary ethicโ€ that consigned workers to an โ€œiron cageโ€ โ€“ a relentless pursuit of profit for capitalists. Weber linked it to the Puritans, who, driven by Calvinist theology, sought certainty about their salvation through intense, disciplined labor. The harder they worked, the more frugal they were, the more they believed they were among Godโ€™s chosen few.

However, Anderson offers a crucial amendment to Weberโ€™s widely accepted narrative. While the Puritans were indeed obsessed with theological concerns and a life of sobriety and self-denial, their approach to work was far from a simple endorsement of capitalist exploitation. โ€œThey were actually quite concerned with the way we conducted our lives in this world,โ€ Anderson explains. โ€œThey were very shrewd business ethicists.โ€

These early work ethic theologians advocated for:

  • Fair and living wages: Ensuring workers received a decent deal for their labor.
  • Respect for all work: Valuing even the most menial tasks.
  • Protection against exploitation: Guarding workers from monopolists, usurers, and other โ€œshady characters.โ€
  • Admonishment of the idle rich: Criticizing โ€œlazy aristocratsโ€ who expected others to work for them.

Crucially, in the 17th century, the distinction between โ€œcapitalistโ€ and โ€œworkerโ€ was blurred. The โ€œmaster craftsmanโ€ owned his shop and engaged in manual labor; even merchant sailors shared in the profits. The Puritan work ethic promised that hard work and frugality would lead to tangible rewards for the worker โ€“ property ownership, increased wealth, a more comfortable life (though never luxury). This was the โ€œupliftingโ€ dimension of the work ethic, holding the promise of self-improvement and a dignified existence.

The Industrial Revolution: A Betrayal of Ideals

The true โ€œhijackingโ€ of the work ethic, Anderson argues, occurred during the Industrial Revolution. This period saw a dramatic and sharp split between wage laborers, whose sole income was their employerโ€™s pay, and capitalists, whose wealth derived from profit, interest, and asset ownership.

While workers toiled harder than ever under grueling and dangerous conditions, their wages stagnated through the mid-19th century. Meanwhile, capitalists reaped enormous gains, often through passive income from their assets. This stark divergence fundamentally betrayed the original Puritan promise that hard work would lead to individual prosperity. The idea that โ€œworking hard is going to enable you to improve your lifeโ€ became a hollow echo for the working class.

This era gave rise to two competing interpretations:

  1. The Progressive Work Ethic: This version remained consistent with the Puritansโ€™ emphasis on class neutrality, asserting that all who worked hard were entitled to the fruits of their labor, including decent pay and improving prospects.
  2. The Conservative Work Ethic: This was the โ€œhijackedโ€ version. Conservative thinkers like Edmund Burke and Thomas Malthus, panicking over rising radicalism among propertyless workers (inspired by the French Revolution) and growing welfare rolls, developed an ideology that morally justified exploitation. Malthus, for instance, blamed the poor for their own plight, accusing them of having too many children due to โ€œunrestrained sexual impulsesโ€โ€”a narrative strikingly similar to later welfare reform debates, despite a lack of empirical evidence.

Wealth as Virtue, Poverty as Vice: The Neoliberal Legacy

The conservative work ethic fundamentally shifted the moral landscape, equating wealth with virtue and poverty with vice. While even the Puritans saw wealth as a potential sign of Godโ€™s grace and hard work, by the Industrial Revolution, this connection became tenuous. The factory owner, making a few decisions, amassed vast profits, while the agricultural day laborer, working the hardest, remained in destitution.

This ideology, Anderson states, serves as a powerful โ€œmapโ€ of our social world: โ€œIdeologies map our social world in ways that promote particular paths around it and discourage or blind us to others. They mark people occupying different social positions as more or less credible, trustworthy, or suspect. They inform our emotions, habits, social norms, and practices, often in ways that cannot be fully rationalized by the beliefs and values we consciously endorse.โ€

In the United States, deeply imbued with this โ€œhijackedโ€ version of the work ethic, the consequence is โ€œunbelievable contempt and suspicion of the poor.โ€ Many Americans, particularly Republicans, believe that those receiving public assistance are lazy and that โ€œlife is easy for them.โ€ This perception persists despite overwhelming evidence from social scientists that poverty is largely structural, built into the system, and has little to do with individual virtues or vices. As Anderson points out, โ€œanyone whoโ€™s actually been poor knows that itโ€™s in fact a lot of work to be poor.โ€

This conservative work ethic found its modern revival in neoliberalism โ€“ the economic philosophy that gained dominance in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Neoliberalism, Anderson argues, is essentially โ€œa series of policy rationalizations for all kinds of policies that redistribute income from workers to property owners to the holders of assets.โ€ The stagflation of the 1970s, coupled with rising distrust in government and decades of business efforts to chip away at union power, created fertile ground for this shift. Reaganโ€™s firing of striking air traffic controllers in 1980 sent a clear signal to corporations: be aggressive, break unions, and prioritize profits.

Neoliberalism promised liberation from government power, but delivered โ€œgovernment by capital interest.โ€ For ordinary workers, this wasnโ€™t freedom but a change of hierarchical masters, from a democratically accountable government to an unaccountable corporate power structure. Tech moguls, for instance, embody this desire for authoritarian control, advocating for unchecked innovation while maintaining iron-fisted control over their companies.

Beyond the Grind: Reclaiming a Humane Work Ethic

While Anderson doesnโ€™t disparage hard work itself โ€“ acknowledging her own privilege as a tenured professor with an engaging, autonomous job โ€“ she is critical of expecting it from those in โ€œboring, alienating jobs that are deskilled and get no respect.โ€ Her vision for a progressive work ethic, rooted in the original Puritan commitment to fair dealings, emphasizes a different path for society, one that prioritizes human flourishing over endless accumulation.

โ€œThe Puritans themselves were actually pretty good business ethicists,โ€ she notes, distinguishing between โ€œpredatory and extractive business modelsโ€ and those that โ€œactually add value andโ€ฆ make profits only by helping other people.โ€ Imagine, she muses, if all businesses followed that ethical principle.

The โ€œinsidious consequenceโ€ of the conservative work ethic, according to Sean Elling, is the shift โ€œaway from a more leisurely and comfortable attitude toward life toward a more materialist philosophy where the point of life becomes to just acquire as much money as possible.โ€ This fuels a capitalist society built on consumption but neglects genuine human flourishing.

In contrast, the pro-worker work ethic, according to Anderson, โ€œled to social democracy.โ€ Nordic countries, for example, demonstrate that happiness doesnโ€™t require โ€œgigantic homes and gigantic cars.โ€ Their model offers:

  • Universal guaranteed paid vacations: Lifeโ€™s purpose isnโ€™t just work; itโ€™s leisure, pleasure, and enjoyment with friends and family.
  • Necessities decoupled from work: Access to healthcare is not contingent on employment, and costs are reasonable.
  • Affordable education: Rich public university systems, often with stipends for students, ensuring financial independence.

The challenge, however, lies in breaking free from the โ€œlogic of the conservative work ethic.โ€ Many still believe their income is a measure of virtue, resenting taxes that might support those perceived as โ€œlazier.โ€ Even the wealthy, though working long hours, are often driven by โ€œthe structure of esteem in society,โ€ fearing contempt if they donโ€™t constantly accumulate.

The Path Forward: Democracy at Work, Dignity in Life

To empower workers and build a more genuinely free and dignified society, Anderson proposes several immediate actions:

  • Strengthening unions: Crucial for collective bargaining and worker voice.
  • Co-determination: Giving workers a say in their workplaces.
  • Public provision of necessities: Decoupling healthcare and education from employment.
  • Reforming labor laws: Allowing for broader unionization across franchises and industries, rather than fragmenting organizing efforts.

Drawing inspiration from John Dewey, the pragmatist philosopher after whom her professorship is named, Anderson champions democracy as the โ€œkey site of figuring out how to live together in better waysโ€ through โ€œexperiments in living.โ€ The increasing inequality fostered by neoliberal policies, where economic growth disproportionately benefits the top 1-10%, breeds resentment, distrust, and polarization, making true democracy harder.

Andersonโ€™s vision is not just about economic policy; itโ€™s about a fundamental reorientation of societal values. Itโ€™s about recognizing that โ€œwork just is disciplined activity that helps other people, whether itโ€™s paid or not,โ€ including raising children. Itโ€™s about celebrating a work ethic that embraces balance, dignity, and the pursuit of meaningful lives beyond the relentless pursuit of profit.

If tasked with selling this progressive vision to the public, Anderson would highlight that society tolerates โ€œa lot of predatory and exploitative behaviors of the top 1 to 10% which is not really helping other people.โ€ Instead, she argues, โ€œall of our lives could be a lot better if workers were more empowered at work, if they were respected, if they had fair and living wages. We would actually have a more successful democracy if we had more democracy at work.โ€

The conversation with Elizabeth Anderson serves as a powerful reminder that the way we think about work is not natural or immutable. It is a construct, shaped by history and ideology. By understanding how the work ethic was hijacked, Americans can begin the vital work of reclaiming it, building a society where work serves humanity, rather than the other way around.


ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด

โ€œABC Newsโ€™ Martha Raddatz on โ€˜The Hero Next Door,โ€™ her collection of veteransโ€™ storiesโ€ โ€” NPR Podcasts ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ณธ ์˜์ƒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ

์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์ตœ์ „์„ ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์˜์›…๋“ค: ๋งˆ์‚ฌ ๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ , โ€˜์ด์›ƒ์ง‘ ์˜์›…โ€™์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์ „์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค

์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ์š”์•ฝ

ABC ๋‰ด์Šค ํŠนํŒŒ์› ๋งˆ์‚ฌ ๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฐ„ โ€˜์˜†์ง‘ ์˜์›…(The Hero Next Door)โ€˜์—์„œ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ์˜์›…์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฐ์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ทน์„ ์ขํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์ทจ์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์ฐธ์ „์šฉ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ด๋ผํฌ์ „์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™ํ•œ ๋งˆํฌ ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„๋Š” ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํญ๋ฐœ ํ›„ ๋ถ€์ƒ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „์žฅ ๋ณต๊ท€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ง‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํญ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ์นจ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€ํ˜ˆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒ์กด ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์ƒ์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ๋จธ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ ์˜์กฑ์„ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ๊ตฐ ๋ณต๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์ƒ๋ณ‘๋“ค์„ ๋•๋Š” ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ โ€˜์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ๋‚ ์ด ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋‚ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹คโ€™๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ •์‹ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฐธ์ „์šฉ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์— ์•ˆํƒ€๊นŒ์›€์„ ํ‘œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์–ธ๋ก ์ด ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์†์—์„œ ๋ณต๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ํŽœํƒ€๊ณค ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํ•‘ ์™ธ์— ํ˜„์žฅ ์ทจ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์‹ค์ƒ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ค‘์€ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฐธ์ „์šฉ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด์›ƒ์˜ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

ABC ๋‰ด์Šค์˜ ๋ฒ ํ…Œ๋ž‘ ํŠนํŒŒ์› ๋งˆ์‚ฌ ๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ (Martha Raddatz)๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ „์žฅ์„ ๋ˆ„๋น„๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์ทจ์žฌํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋™๊ณ ๋™๋ฝํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‰ด์Šค ๋’ค์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ตœ์‹  ์ €์„œ ใ€Ž์ด์›ƒ์ง‘ ์˜์›…: ์• ๊ตญ์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค(The Hero Next Door: Stories of Patriotism and Purpose)ใ€์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ, ์ฆ‰ ์ฐธ์ „์šฉ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ์ฑ…์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ฑธ๊ณ  ์ „์šฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•œ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ๊ด€๋“ค์˜ ์˜์›…์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ณ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‚ดํ•€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์˜ ํ—Œ์‹ ๊นŒ์ง€, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์šฉ๊ธฐ์™€ ํฌ์ƒ์„ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ๋Š” NPR์˜ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ์ธ์Šคํ‚คํ”„(Steven Inskeep)์™€์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์—์„œ, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๊นŠ์ด ๋‚จ์€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋งˆ์‚ฌ ๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ , ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋‹ค

๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์„ ์ทจ์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ NPR๊ณผ ABC ๋‰ด์Šค์—์„œ ์•„ํ”„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์Šคํƒ„, ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ „์Ÿ ๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์˜ค๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฐธ์ „์šฉ์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ธ์—ฐ์„ ์†Œ์ค‘ํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๊ณ , ์ „์žฅ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ํ›„์—๋„ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์„ โ€œ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ(bridge)โ€œ์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋•๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š˜ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์™”์–ด์š”. ์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋‚˜ํ˜ ์ „๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ๋ฐด์— ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๊ณ  ํ•™๊ต์— ๋ฐ๋ ค๋‹ค์ฃผ๋˜ ์˜†์ง‘ ์•„์ €์”จ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .โ€ ๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ด์›ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์žŠ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ: ๋งˆํฌ ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„

๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ๋ฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งž์•„ ๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ๋Š” ใ€Ž์ด์›ƒ์ง‘ ์˜์›…ใ€์— ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๋งˆํฌ ๋ฆฌํ‹€(Mark Little) ์ค‘์œ„์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 2007๋…„, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ผํฌ์—์„œ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๋˜ ์œก๊ตฐ ์†Œ์œ„ ์‹œ์ ˆ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„๊ฐ€ ํƒ„ ํ—˜๋น„(Humvee)๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์กฐํญ๋ฐœ๋ฌผ(IED, Improvised Explosive Device) ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํญ๋ฐœ์Œ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ—˜๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ ํฐ ๋ถ€์ƒ ์—†์ด ์ •์‹ ์ด ๋ฉํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌํ•œ ๋‡Œ์ง„ํƒ• ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ „์„  ๋ณต๊ท€๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ „์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„ ์„œ๋ฅ˜ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํž˜๋“ค์–ดํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฆฌ๋”๋กœ์„œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ „์žฅ์— ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๊ฐ„์ ˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ˆœ์ฐฐ ์ž„๋ฌด์— ๋ณต๊ท€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋А ๋‚ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ •์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„๋ฌด์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„๋Š” ํ‰์†Œ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ขŒ์„์— ์•‰๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์šด๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ IED๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฎ์ณค๊ณ , ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ๋˜ ์ขŒ์„์ด ํญ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ง๊ฒฉํƒ„์„ ๋งž์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ—˜๋น„๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฐœํ•˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์›€์ง์—ฌ! ์›€์ง์—ฌ!โ€ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค์„ ์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์—, ๋ถˆํƒ€๋Š” ์ขŒ์„๊ณผ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋ ค ์• ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชธ์ด ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ•˜๋ฐ˜์‹ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ”ผํˆฌ์„ฑ์ด์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€ ์†์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ด์ฝ” ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด๊ณ  ๋ชธ์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด์–ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ•œ์ชฝ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์— ์ง€ํ˜ˆ๋Œ€(tourniquet)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์•„ ์ถœํ˜ˆ์„ ๋ง‰์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ „๋ฐฉ ์ž‘์ „ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€ ์˜๋ฌด ํ›„์†ก(Medevac) ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ „ํˆฌ ์ง€์› ๋ณ‘์›(combat support hospital)์œผ๋กœ ์ด์†ก๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‚  ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ข…์ผ ๊ทธ ์ „ํˆฌ ์ง€์› ๋ณ‘์›์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘์›์— โ€œ์™ธ์ƒ์„ฑ ์ ˆ๋‹จ(traumatic amputation) ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹คโ€๋Š” ์†Œ์‹์ด ์ „ํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ , ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๋ณต ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ž„์„ ํ•œ๋ˆˆ์— ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ‘์› ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋“ค๊ฒƒ์— ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ โ€œ์•„, ํ™”์ดํŠธ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋‹˜!โ€์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋†๋‹ด์„ ๊ฑด๋„ค๋Š” ๋“ฑ, ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์‡ผ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏ ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์œ ์พŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์„ ABC ๋‰ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฐํžˆ๋ฉฐ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•ด๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€์ง€ ๋ฌป์ž, ๊ทธ๋Š” โ€œ๋ฌธ์ œ์—†์–ด์š”, ๋ฌธ์ œ์—†์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์ €๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋งŒ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์›ƒ์Œ์„ ํ„ฐ๋œจ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์ ˆ๋‹จ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์•ž๋‘” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ „ํ˜€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ง์ด์—ˆ์ฃ . ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„๋Š” ์ด์ „์— ์—„๋งˆ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ผ์€ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„๋ฅผ โ€œ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์› ๋‹ค(adorable)โ€œ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์˜ ๋งค๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ๋จธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๊นŠ์€ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํšŒ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‚  ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹ค์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜์‹์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  ์ž ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์›๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฒ ๊ฐœ ์˜†์— ํผํ”Œ ํ•˜ํŠธ(Purple Heart) ํ›ˆ์žฅ์„ ๋†“์•„๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‚  ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•„๋“ค์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋“ค์˜ ์šฉ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์พŒํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ผญ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์˜์›…์˜ ์—ฌ์ •

๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์— ์˜์กฑ์„ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฑ…์— ์‹ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„๋Š” ์นจ๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์˜์กฑ์„ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์Šน์ง„ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ด์˜ค์ง€๋งˆ ๊ธฐ๋…๋น„(Iwo Jima memorial) ์•ž์—์„œ ์˜์กฑ์„ ๋”›๊ณ  ์„œ์„œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋ณ‘๋Œ€์›๋“ค์ด ๊นƒ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ฒŒ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋…๋น„ ์•ž์—์„œ ์˜์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ธํ•œ ์ •์‹ ์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏ ์™„๋ฒฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฆฌํ‹€ ์ค‘์œ„๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋‚ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚˜์œ ๋‚ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, โ€œ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋‚ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์ฐธ์ „์šฉ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋•๋Š” ๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ—Œ์‹ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ ์ €๋„๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝ

๋งˆ์‚ฌ ๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ๋Š” ใ€Ž์ด์›ƒ์ง‘ ์˜์›…ใ€์„ ์ง‘ํ•„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ABC ๋‰ด์Šค์˜ ํŠนํŒŒ์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ๊ณ„์† ์ทจ์žฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€ ์‹œ์ ˆ ์–ธ๋ก ์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ–ˆ๋˜ ์†Œ์†ก๊ณผ ์••๋ฐ•์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ทจ์žฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์€ ์ „์Ÿ ์ทจ์žฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ๋ชจ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ง€์— ์ƒ์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์‹ค์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ „์Ÿ์— ์ฐธ์ „ ์ค‘์ธ ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์ฑ…์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”. ํŽœํƒ€๊ณค(Pentagon) ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ€๋” ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์žํšŒ๊ฒฌ ์™ธ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ . ์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ๊ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€

๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ๋Š” ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์‹ค์ƒ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€

๋งˆ์‚ฌ ๋ž˜๋Œ€์ธ ์˜ ใ€Ž์ด์›ƒ์ง‘ ์˜์›…ใ€์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ฐธ์ „์šฉ์‚ฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์˜์›…๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋” ๊นŠ์€ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


โ€œInside Trumpโ€™s Mad Dash to Renovate Washingtonโ€ โ€” New York Times Podcasts ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ณธ ์˜์ƒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ

์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C. ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ฐœ์กฐ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ: ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ โ€˜๋‚˜๋งŒ์˜ ๋„์‹œโ€™ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์•ผ๋ง๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ž€

์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ์š”์•ฝ

ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ 250์ฃผ๋…„ ๋…๋ฆฝ๊ธฐ๋…์ผ์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C.์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ณต์žฅ์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ž…์ฐฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ์—…์— ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋‚จ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ๋‚ญ๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ผํŒŒ์˜ˆํŠธ ๊ณต์›์˜ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ 1,700๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ ๋น„์šฉ์ธ 340๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋†’์€ ๊ธˆ์•ก์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ ํด๋ผํฌ ๊ฑด์„ค(Clark Construction)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฑด์„ค์‚ฌ์— ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณ„์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€ ์—ฐํšŒ์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋„ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ํŠนํ˜œ ์˜ํ˜น์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ง์ปจ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€ ์•ž ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ ‰ํŒ… ํ’€(Reflecting Pool) ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์—ญ์‹œ 1,310๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ, ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ ์• ํ‹€๋žœํ‹ฑ ์ธ๋”์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ์ฝ”ํŒ…์Šค(Atlantic Industrial Coatings)์— ๋งก๊ฒจ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ๊ณจํ”„์žฅ ์ด์ง€๋ฐฐ์ธ์ธ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์Šˆ์ฒธํ˜ธํผ(David Schutzenhoffer)์˜ ์กฐ์–ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜ํ˜น์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ž…์ฐฐ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํ•œ์— ๋งž์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ถ€ํ’€๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ณต ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋‚˜ ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ช…๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ž…์ฐฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋žตํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ€ํŒจ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ์™€ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต๊ฐœ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋“ค์€ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์žฌ์ • ์šด์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํˆฌํ‘œ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

2026๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋…๋ฆฝ 250์ฃผ๋…„์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ , ๋„๋„๋“œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C.๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋„์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋“ค์„ ์žฌ์ •๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์ถ”์ง„ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์š•ํƒ€์ž„์Šค ํŒŸ์บ์ŠคํŠธ โ€˜๋” ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฆฌ(The Daily)โ€˜๋Š” ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์ด๋ฉด์„ ํŒŒํ—ค์น˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ๋ฌด์‹œ, ๋น„์šฉ ๋ถ€ํ’€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์˜ํ˜น, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์•ผ๋ง์ด ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ํˆฌ์˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๊ทน๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—‡๊ฐˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” โ€œ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹๋‹ค. ์ด๊ณณ์€ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C.์ด๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์•„์˜ฌ ๊ณณโ€์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์€ โ€œํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹คโ€, โ€œ์‹ค๋ง์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹คโ€, โ€œํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์—ฐ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C.๋ฅผ โ€˜์˜๊ด‘์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€โ€™๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ณต ์ž์›์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ โ€˜ํ—ˆ์˜์‹ฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ(vanity project)โ€˜์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?

๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋ผํŒŒ์˜ˆํŠธ ๊ณต์› ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ์žฌ๊ฑด์ถ•

์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C. ๊ฐœ์กฐ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋…ผ๋ž€์€ ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•ž์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ผํŒŒ์˜ˆํŠธ ๊ณต์›(Lafayette Park)์˜ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ๊ฑด์„ค๋œ ์ด ๋ถ„์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋…„์งธ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‰ด์š•ํƒ€์ž„์Šค ๊ธฐ์ž ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ํŽœํƒˆ(David Fenthal)์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ด ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ง€์ถœ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค(public databases)์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” โ€˜๋น„๋ฐ€ ๊ณ„์•ฝโ€™์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋‚˜ ๋ฒ™์ปค ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ด์ƒ ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณ„์•ฝ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ด๋ก€์ ์ธ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ˆ˜์˜๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋…ผ๋ž€๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ ๋ถ€ํ’€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์˜ํ˜น

๊ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ž…์ฐฐ(competitive bidding process) ์—†์ด ํด๋ผํฌ ๊ฑด์„ค(Clark Construction)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• ๊ฑด์„ค์‚ฌ์— ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณ„์•ฝ(no-bid contract)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” โ€œ๊ธด๊ธ‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์˜ˆ์™ธ ์กฐํ•ญ(exemption for urgent situations)โ€œ์„ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ž…์ฐฐ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋›ด ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋…๋ฆฝ 250์ฃผ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋…์ผ์ธ 7์›” 4์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธด๊ธ‰์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ 250์ฃผ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋…์ผ์€ 250๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ˆ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ž‘๋…„ ๋ด„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ์— โ€˜๊ธด๊ธ‰ ์ƒํ™ฉโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋” ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” 1,700๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ(์•ฝ 230์–ต ์›)์— ๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€ ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋น„์šฉ์€ 300~400๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด ์ถ”์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ’€๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋“ค์€ โ€œ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ธฐ์ดํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹โ€์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ „ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์—์„œ 1,700๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ธˆ์•ก์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Š” ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์šฐํšŒํ•˜๊ณ , ์ข…์ข… ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด๋‚˜ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๋ชจ์ข…์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋„˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ โ€˜์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ(emblematic)โ€™ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ์ง€์ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํด๋ผํฌ ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ์˜ โ€˜ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„โ€™

ํด๋ผํฌ ๊ฑด์„ค์€ ๋ฉ”๋ฆด๋žœ๋“œ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ๋Œ€ํ˜• ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋“ค์€ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ โ€˜ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„โ€™๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€ ๋ฌด๋„ํšŒ์žฅ(White House ballroom) ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌด๋„ํšŒ์žฅ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ(ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๋Š” 4์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์•ˆ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ 10์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค)๊ณผ ์ž๊ธˆ ์ถœ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๋Š” ํด๋ผํฌ ๊ฑด์„ค์ด ๋ฌด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์—…ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ผ๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ผํŒŒ์˜ˆํŠธ ๊ณต์› ๋ถ„์ˆ˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํด๋ผํฌ ๊ฑด์„ค์ด ๋ฌด๋„ํšŒ์žฅ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์—์„œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์—๊ฒŒ โ€˜ํ˜ธ์˜โ€™๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ํ‘ธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜ํ˜น์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผํฌ ๊ฑด์„ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์›๋ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๊ทœ์น™์ด ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ผํŒŒ์˜ˆํŠธ ๊ณต์›์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ โ€˜๋น„๋ฐ€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด, ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ง€๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”โ€™ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ณต๊ณต ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋…ผ๋ž€์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ, ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ ‰ํŒ… ํ’€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๊ณต์‚ฌ

์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C.์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ ‰ํŒ… ํ’€(Reflecting Pool) ๋ณด์ˆ˜ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์—ญ์‹œ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์— ํœฉ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ๊ธฐ๋…ํƒ‘(Washington Monument)๊ณผ ๋ง์ปจ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€(Lincoln Memorial) ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ด ํ’€์€ 1920๋…„๋Œ€์— ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜์–ด ๋‘ ๊ธฐ๋…๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฑฐ์šธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋น„์ถ”๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋งˆํ‹ด ๋ฃจํ„ฐ ํ‚น ๋ชฉ์‚ฌ์˜ โ€œ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€ ์—ฐ์„ค, ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์ธ ํ–‰์ง„(Million Man March) ๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ํ˜„์žฅ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์—†๋Š” ์—…์ฒด์— ๋งก๊ฒจ์ง„ ์ฒซ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ณ„์•ฝ

ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ ‰ํŒ… ํ’€์€ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋น„์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ฏธํŠธ๋Ÿญ, ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ, ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ฑด์„ค ์žฅ๋น„๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐฌ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ํ˜„์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€๋ชจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ž…์ฐฐ ์—†์ด ์• ํ‹€๋žœํ‹ฑ ์ธ๋”์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์–ผ ์ฝ”ํŒ…์Šค(Atlantic Industrial Coatings)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณ„์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜์ฃผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ณ ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, โ€œ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ , ๋‚ด ๊ณจํ”„ ํด๋Ÿฝ ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก์•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ณจํ”„ ํด๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ณจ๋ž๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํŽœํƒˆ ๊ธฐ์ž์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ ์‹œ๊ณต ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ด‘๊ณ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๊ด€ ์ฝ”ํŒ…, ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ํƒฑํฌ ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ผํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์žฌ๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ผํ•œ ์ ๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๊ณ , ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๋ณธ์ธ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋‚˜์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด ์˜ํ˜น์„ ์ฆํญ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ž…์ฐฐ ์—†์ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋งก์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์€ ํฐ ์˜๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฏธ์™„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ: ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์™ธ๋ฉด

๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ ‰ํŒ… ํ’€์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜, ์—ฌ๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒ์ดํ”„์˜ ํŒŒ์† ๋ฐ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…น์กฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฉ์ง€(๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ๋„ํฌ, ์Šฌ๋ž˜๋ธŒ ํ‹ˆ์ƒˆ ๋ฉ”์šฐ๊ธฐ)์™€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฌ๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค์น˜(๋ณ„๋„ ๊ณ„์•ฝ) ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋งŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ํŒŒ์†๋œ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋“  ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, โ€œํŒŒ์ดํ”„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌโ€๋Š” ์˜ฌ ๊ฐ€์„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ํŒŒ์ดํ”„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์ณ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ๋…น์กฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์žฌ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ โ€œ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…(permanent fix)โ€œ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์› ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ตญ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ฌธ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ํ’€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๊ณต์› ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ตญ ์ž์ฒด์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ๋ฒ ๋“œ๋ฏผ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ณจํ”„์žฅ ์ด๊ด„ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ €์ธ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ์Šˆ์ฒธํ˜ธํผ(David Schutzenhoffer)๋ผ๋Š” โ€˜ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€ ๊ณ ๋ฌธโ€™์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜, ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ๋น„์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ธ‰์ฆํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ โ€˜์„ฑ์กฐ๊ธฐ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰โ€™ ๋…ผ๋ž€

์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ 1,310๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ(์•ฝ 180์–ต ์›)๋กœ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ 180๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๋‹ค 7๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์•ฝ์‚ฌ ์ธก์€ ๊ฐ„์ ‘๋น„(overhead)๋กœ 20%, ์ด์œค(profit)์œผ๋กœ 20%๋ฅผ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์› ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ตญ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ๋„ ์ด ๋น„์œจ์ด โ€œ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๋‹ค(excessive)โ€œ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด‰๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์ผ์ •๊ณผ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ˜‘์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ์žƒ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ํ’€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์„ โ€œ๋ฐ”ํ•˜๋งˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ„ฐํ‚ค์ƒ‰โ€์œผ๋กœ ์›ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณ„์•ฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ โ€œ์„ฑ์กฐ๊ธฐ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰(American flag blue)โ€œ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง™์€ ๋‚จ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ƒ‰์ƒ์ด ํ’€์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์œจ(reflectivity)์—๋Š” ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์—†์ด ์กธ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋‚ฉ์„ธ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ํฐ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

โ€์Šน๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•„์น˜โ€: ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋…๋น„์ธ๊ฐ€?

๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ๋ง์ปจ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€ ๊ฑด๋„ˆํŽธ ํฌํ† ๋งฅ ๊ฐ•๋ณ€, ๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ์•Œ๋งํ„ด ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ฌ˜์ง€(Arlington National Cemetery) ์ธ๊ทผ์— ์„ธ์›Œ์งˆ ์˜ˆ์ •์ธ โ€œ์Šน๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•„์น˜(Triumphal Arch)โ€œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•„์น˜๋Š” ๋†’์ด 250ํ”ผํŠธ(์•ฝ 76m), 25์ธต ๋†’์ด๋กœ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฌธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๋ฉฐ, ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ ๋…์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ฒœ์‚ฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ์‹๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋…๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์˜ํšŒ ์Šน์ธ ๋ฌด์‹œ์™€ โ€˜์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธโ€™ ์šฐํšŒ ์‹œ๋„

์•„์ง ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ด ์•„์น˜ ๊ฑด์„ค ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋„ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ์‹œ, ํŠนํžˆ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ์šฐํšŒํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 100๋…„ ์ „ ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์˜ํšŒ ์Šน์ธ์ด ํ•„์š” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŽœํƒˆ ๊ธฐ์ž๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ โ€œ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์ฐฝ์˜์ (extremely creative)โ€œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์•Œ๋งํ„ด ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ฌ˜์ง€ ์กฐ๋ง๊ถŒ ํ›ผ์† ๋…ผ๋ž€

์ด ์•„์น˜ ๊ฑด์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์—ฌ๋ก ์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฐธ์ „์šฉ์‚ฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ด ์•„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋งํ„ด ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ฌ˜์ง€์˜ ์กฐ๋ง๊ถŒ(sight lines)์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์†Œ์†ก์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณตํ•ญ์˜ ๋น„ํ–‰ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉํ•ญ๊ณต์ฒญ(FAA)์ด ํ•ญ๊ณต ๊ตํ†ต์— ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ๋ง‰์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํŠนํžˆ ์•Œ๋งํ„ด ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต(Arlington Memorial Bridge) ๋„ˆ๋จธ์˜ ์•Œ๋งํ„ด ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค(Arlington House, ๋‚จ๋ถ์ „์Ÿ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋‚จ๋ถ€๊ตฐ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€ ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ E. ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ €ํƒ)์—์„œ ๋ง์ปจ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ์•ผ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ถ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์˜ ํ™”ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์กฐ๋ง์„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์กฐ๋ง์„ ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ›ผ์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ โ€œ๋ชจ๋“  ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ(๋Ÿฐ๋˜, ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ, ๋กœ๋งˆ ๋“ฑ)์—๋Š” ์•„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์—๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์•„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 250๋…„์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๊ธฐ๋…๊ด€์€ ํ‡ด์ž„ ํ›„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋…๋น„๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์ •์น˜ ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์˜ ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์ผ๋งฅ์ƒํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ”์ ์„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ์ƒˆ๊ธฐ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์˜์›๋“ค์€ ์•„์น˜ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐœ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ โ€œ๊ณต๊ณต ์ž๊ธˆ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ์‚ฌ์šฉโ€์ด์ž โ€œ์‹ ์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋… ํ–‰์œ„(act of desecration)โ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  โ€œ์˜์›…๋“ค์˜ ์•ˆ์‹์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ ๋ชฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์•ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋†’์ด 250ํ”ผํŠธ์งœ๋ฆฌ ํ—ˆ์˜์‹ฌ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ(towering 250 ft vanity project)โ€œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฒฐ๋ก : ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ํ›ผ์†์ด ๋‚จ๊ธด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž

ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C. ๊ฐœ์กฐ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋„์‹œ ๋ฏธ๊ด€ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ๋„˜์–ด, ์ •๋ถ€ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ ํ›ผ์†, ํŠน์ • ์—…์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŠนํ˜œ ์˜ํ˜น, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์•ผ๋ง์ด ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ํˆฌ์˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ž…์ฐฐ ์—†๋Š” ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณ„์•ฝ, ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ ์‚ฐ์ •, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ƒ์ง•์„ฑ์„ ํ›ผ์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋“ฑ์€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ณต ์ž๊ธˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์›์น™๊ณผ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋‚จ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋œ ์›์น™๊ณผ ๊ทœ์ •๋“ค์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ณต๊ณต ์ž๊ธˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด D.C. ๊ฐœ์กฐ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ๋…ผ๋ž€ ๋งŽ์€ ํ†ต์น˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋˜ โ€˜์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™” ํ”ผํ•ด์ž ๋ณด์ƒ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆโ€™ 18์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ฒ•์› ๊ฒฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋…๋ฆฝ 250์ฃผ๋…„ ๊ธฐ๋… ์Œ์•…ํšŒ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ถœ์—ฐ์ง„์ด ์ •์น˜์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์ฐธ์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ทจ์†Œ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ, ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋“ค ์—ญ์‹œ ๋‚œํ•ญ์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


โ€œAmericans donโ€™t know how to stop working | The Gray Areaโ€ โ€” Vox ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ณธ ์˜์ƒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ

โ€์ผ ์ค‘๋…โ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ์ง„์‹ค: ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ณธ์— โ€˜ํƒˆ์ทจโ€™๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‚˜

์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ์š”์•ฝ

์ด ์˜์ƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๊นŠ์ด ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ โ€˜ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ(Protestant work ethic)โ€˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ(Elizabeth Anderson)๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ง‰์Šค ๋ฒ ๋ฒ„(Max Weber)๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ์ด ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ฒญ๊ต๋„๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์› ํ™•์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ ํ•™์  ๋™๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… ์ดํ›„ ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด โ€˜๊ฐ•ํƒˆ(hijacked)โ€˜๋˜์–ด ๋…ธ๋™์ž ์ฐฉ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ณ€๋ชจํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ฒญ๊ต๋„๋“ค์€ ๋…ธ๋™์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹นํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ๊ณผ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ž„๊ธˆ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž„๊ธˆ์ด ์ •์ฒด๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ต์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•ฝ์†์ด ๋ฐฐ์‹ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์•ค๋”์Šจ์€ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜(Neoliberalism)๊ฐ€ 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์  ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ™œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์‚ฐ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๋“์„ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์•ค๋”์Šจ์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ๋นˆ๊ณค์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋ฉธ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฏธ๋•ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋œ ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด ๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋‚˜ํƒœํ•จ ํƒ“์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋นˆ๊ณค์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜์ƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ธ์‹์„ ์™œ๊ณกํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ์ง€, ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋์—†๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ถ”๊ธด๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋™์ผ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋˜์ฐพ๋Š” ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ค๋”์Šจ์€ ๋ถ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์  ์œ ๊ธ‰ ํœด๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๋ˆ์„ ์ถ•์ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ์‹œ์  ์†Œ๋น„์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ง์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ-์‚ถ์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์ž„์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•ด์•ผ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹คโ€™๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ฉด, ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ, ์ž์ˆ˜์„ฑ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์„ ์–ต์••ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€์งˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์Šค(Vox)์˜ โ€˜๋” ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด ์—์–ด๋ฆฌ์–ด(The Gray Area)โ€˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ(Elizabeth Anderson)๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, โ€˜ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ(Protestant work ethic)โ€˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์žƒ๊ณ  ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜(Neoliberalism) ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์„ ์˜ฅ์ฃ„๋Š” โ€˜์‡ ์šฐ๋ฆฌโ€™๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.

์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฐ„ ใ€Žํƒˆ์ทจ๋‹นํ•œ: ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋˜์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ใ€(Hijacked: How Neoliberalism Turned the Work Ethic against Workers and How Workers Can Take It Back)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตํžˆ ์•„๋Š” ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ โ€˜๋…ธ๋™์ž ์นœํ™”์ โ€™ ํ•ด์„๊ณผ โ€˜๋ฐ˜๋…ธ๋™์ž์ โ€™ ํ•ด์„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ํˆฌ์Ÿํ•ด ์˜จ ์ด์ƒ(ideal)์ด์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ›„์ž, ์ฆ‰ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์„ ์ฐฉ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์™œ๊ณก๋œ ๋ฒ„์ „์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›: ๋ง‰์Šค ๋ฒ ๋ฒ„์˜ โ€˜์‡ ์šฐ๋ฆฌโ€™์™€ ์ฒญ๊ต๋„๋“ค์˜ โ€˜์„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…์œค๋ฆฌโ€™

โ€˜ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ž ๋ง‰์Šค ๋ฒ ๋ฒ„(Max Weber)๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ €์„œ ใ€Žํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์Šคํƒ„ํ‹ฐ์ฆ˜์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์‹ ใ€(The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism)์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ดํ•ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ‹€์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ด ์œค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ โ€œ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ด์œค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ผˆ ๋น ์ง€๊ฒŒ ์ผํ•˜๋Š”โ€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ์•”์šธํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ โ€˜์‡ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ(iron cage)โ€˜์— ๊ฐ€๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒญ๊ต๋„๋“ค์ด ์ผ์„ โ€˜์†Œ๋ช…(calling)โ€˜์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” โ€˜์†Œ๋ช…โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ช… ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋Œ€๋น„์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค.

์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด ์šฉ์–ด์—์„œ โ€˜ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์Šคํƒ„ํŠธโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์œค๋ฆฌ๋Š” 17์„ธ๊ธฐ ์˜๊ตญ ์ฒญ๊ต๋„๋“ค์˜ ์นผ๋ฑ…์ฃผ์˜(Calvinism) ์‹ ํ•™์—์„œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์นผ๋ฑ…์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ ํƒ๋ฐ›์€ ์ž๋งŒ์ด ๊ตฌ์›๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ •์„ค์„ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ฒญ๊ต๋„๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ตฌ์›๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค์ง โ€œ์ •๋ง ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์ด ์€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ํ‘ธ์…จ๊ณ , ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฒ ๋ฒ„์˜ ํ•ด์„์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ •์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ฒญ๊ต๋„๋“ค์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆœ์ „ํžˆ ์‹ ํ•™์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฒญ๊ต๋„ ์‹ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์„ธ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋„ ์ง€๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ โ€œ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์‚ฌ์—…์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“คโ€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ํ•ฉ๋‹นํ•œ ๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ฒœํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์กด์ค‘๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํ™œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๋„๋ก ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ผ๋‹ค. ๋…์ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์—…์ž ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€๋„๋•ํ•œ ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฐฉ์ทจ๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค๋„ ๋น„๋‚œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ โ€™ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…: ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์—ด๊ณผ โ€˜ํƒˆ์ทจโ€™์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘

์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ์— ๋‚ด์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋˜ โ€˜์–ต์••์ (repressive)โ€™ ์ฐจ์›๊ณผ โ€˜๊ณ ์–‘์ (uplifting)โ€™ ์ฐจ์›์€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…(Industrial Revolution)์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทน๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ๋‹ค. 17์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„์„ฑ๋  ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฒ”์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์žฅ์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์ ‘ ์œก์ฒด๋…ธ๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์ธ์ด๋‚˜, ์ƒ์—… ํ•ญํ•ด์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ƒ์„  ์„ ์›์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ โ€˜์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€โ€™์ด์ž โ€˜๋…ธ๋™์žโ€™์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์•ˆ๋ฝํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์€ ์ž„๊ธˆ๋…ธ๋™์ž์™€ ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ํž˜๋“ค๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ผํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž„๊ธˆ์€ ์ •์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ž์‚ฐ ์†Œ์œ ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œค๊ณผ ์ด์ž๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ถ•์ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ถ์ด ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์‹ ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  โ€œ๋ง‰์Šค ๋ฒ ๋ฒ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๋‚œํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฒ„์ „, ์ฆ‰ ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํƒˆ์ทจ๋‹นํ•ด ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฒ„์ „โ€์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋•Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋ณด์ˆ˜์  ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜: ์ฐฉ์ทจ์˜ ๋„๋•์  ์ •๋‹นํ™”

์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ โ€˜๋ณด์ˆ˜์  ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ(conservative work ethic)โ€˜๋Š” ์ฐฉ์ทจ๋ฅผ ๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜, ์—๋“œ๋จผ๋“œ ๋ฒ„ํฌ(Edmund Burke)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์‚ฐ๊ณ„๊ธ‰(propertyless workers)์˜ ๊ธ‰์ง„์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋ณต์ง€ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ž์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณตํ™ฉ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋งฌ์„œ์Šค(Malthus)๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด โ€˜๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅด๊ณ โ€™ โ€˜์„ฑ์  ์ถฉ๋™์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ดโ€™ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•„ ๋นˆ๊ณคํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ณต์ง€ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด๋‹ค.

์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— โ€˜๋ถ€(wealth)โ€˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋•์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ด ๋˜๊ณ  โ€˜๋นˆ๊ณค(poverty)โ€˜์€ ์•…๋•์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์™œ๊ณก๋œ ์ธ์‹์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๊ต๋„๋“ค๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ง•ํ‘œ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๊ณต์žฅ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์œค์„ ์ฑ™๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋†์—… ์ผ์šฉ์ง ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋Š” ๋นˆ๊ณค์— ํ—ˆ๋•์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์˜ ์ถ•์ ์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ทผ๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ ˆ์•ฝ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ โ€œ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋˜โ€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋ณด์ˆ˜์  ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๋Š” โ€œ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ํ†ต์น˜๋ฅผ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹คโ€๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค(Marx)์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์—ฌ์‹คํžˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŠน์ • ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํŠน์ • ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์™ธ๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์™€ ๋นˆ๊ณค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ฐ์ •, ์Šต๊ด€, ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”, ๊ด€ํ–‰์—๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณ, ์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค.

ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ณผ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์  ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€ํ™œํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ๊ณ  ์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” โ€œ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์‚ฐ ์†Œ์œ ์ฃผ์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๋“์„ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™” ๊ณผ์ •โ€์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์˜ ์Šคํƒœ๊ทธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜(Stagflation), ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ์ „์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ œ๋„๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์‹ , ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ทœ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ์ด ๊ณ ์กฐ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ๋‰ด๋”œ(New Deal) ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํƒœํ”„ํŠธ-ํ•˜ํ‹€๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ•(Taft-Hartley law) ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํž˜์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 1980๋…„ ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฑด(Reagan) ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ๋‹น์„ ๊ณผ ํŒŒ์—… ์ค‘์ธ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๊ด€์ œ์‚ฌ ํ•ด๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋…ธ์กฐ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด๋„ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด๋Š” ํ™˜์ƒ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ผ์ถ•ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Š” โ€œ์ž๋ณธ ์ด์ต์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€โ€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ž์œ ์˜ ํ–ฅ์—ฐ์ผ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•ฝ์†๋œ ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ณ„์ธต์  ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ํ†ต์ œ์— ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜, ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜์  ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํƒ€(Meta)์˜ ๋งˆํฌ ์ €์ปค๋ฒ„๊ทธ(Mark Zuckerberg)์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํˆฌํ‘œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ž์‹ ์„ ํ•ด์ž„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํ–‰ํƒœ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜์  ์ง€๋ฐฐ ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋…ธ๊ณจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค.

์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์žฌ์ •์˜: ์ธ๊ฐ„์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋˜์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ธธ

๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ณด์ˆ˜์  ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€ํ˜œ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ? ์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฒญ๊ต๋„๋“ค์ด ์•ฝํƒˆ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฐฉ์ทจ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ ์„ ๋†’์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€œ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋•๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ด์œค์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š”โ€ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ, ์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋„ โ€˜์ผ ์ค‘๋…์žโ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋žŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ โ€˜ํŠน๊ถŒ์ธตโ€™์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋งŒ์กฑ๊ฐ์˜ ์›์ฒœ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ์™ธ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์กด์ค‘๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜ํƒˆ์ˆ™๋ จํ™”๋œ(deskilled)โ€™ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ƒ์กด์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋œ ๋…ธ๋™์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ์œ ๋กญ๊ณ  ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ ํƒœ๋„์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜, ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ฒ ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋์—†๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—๋Š” ์œ ๋ฆฌํ• ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„, ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฒˆ์˜(human flourishing)์ด ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋”• ๊ตญ๊ฐ€(Nordic countries)์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜(social democracy) ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ณณ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง‘์ด๋‚˜ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” โ€œ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๋ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ๊ณผ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์›ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹  โ€œ์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์จ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๊ต๋„๋“ค์˜ ๊ธˆ์š•์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์นœ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š” ์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์™€๋Š” ๊ทน๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋น„๋œ๋‹ค.

์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง์—…๊ณผ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋™์ผ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, โ€˜์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผโ€™์„ ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ง์—…๊ณผ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋™์ผ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋ฒ„(David Graeber)๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ โ€˜๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ(bullshit jobs)โ€˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ž๋ถ€์‹ฌ์„ ๋А๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” โ€œ์ข‹์€ ์•„๋น , ์ข‹์€ ๋‚จํŽธ, ์ข‹์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์‚ถโ€์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ๊ต๋„๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ ์ž๋…€ ์–‘์œก์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ โ€˜์ผโ€™๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, โ€˜์ผโ€™์ด๋ž€ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋“  ์•ˆ ๋ฐ›๋“  โ€œ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋•๋Š” ๊ทœ์œจ ์žกํžŒ ํ™œ๋™โ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.

๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๊ธธ: ๋…ธ๋™์ž ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์™€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต

๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ โ€˜์ผ-์‚ถ ๊ท ํ˜•(work-life balance)โ€˜์„ ์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์กด ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์ง์—…์— ์–ฝ๋งค์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์  ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฒ„๋Š” ๋ˆ์˜ ์•ก์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋•, ํŠนํžˆ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €์ถ•ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์ฒ™๋„๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž์‹ ๋ณด๋‹ค โ€˜๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜โ€™ โ€˜๊ฒฝ์†”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ โ€™ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ธ๊ธˆ ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ โ€˜๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅธ ์ง€์ฃผโ€™์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ผ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ์—, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ โ€˜์Šน๋ฆฌโ€™๊ฐ€ ์ •๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์žฅ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.

  1. ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ ๊ฐ•ํ™”: ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
  2. ์œ ๊ธ‰ ํœด๊ฐ€: ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์œ ๊ธ‰ ํœด๊ฐ€(paid vacations)๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํŠน์ง• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค.
  3. ๊ณต๋™๊ฒฐ์ •์ œ(Co-determination): ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์–ธ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
  4. ์ƒํ•„ํ’ˆ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ๋ณด์žฅ: ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์œก์„ ์ง์—…๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ณต ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ด๋งˆํฌ๋‚˜ ๋…์ผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ™œ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ธฑ ์›Œํฌ(gig work)์™€ ์›๊ฒฉ ๊ทผ๋ฌด(remote work)์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์€ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ์กฐ์งํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉฐ ์ง„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰๋Š” ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์กฐ์งํ™” ๊ทœ์น™ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์Šคํƒ€๋ฒ…์Šค ๋งค์žฅ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™๋ฒ• ๋Œ€์‹ , ๋ชจ๋“  ์Šคํƒ€๋ฒ…์Šค ์ง์›์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํˆฌํ‘œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ ์ง์›์ด ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์— ํˆฌํ‘œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ง์ด ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ์กด ๋“€์ด(John Dewey)์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ ๋ช…๋ช…๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋“€์ด์˜ ์‹ค์šฉ์ฃผ์˜์ž(Pragmatist)๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์šฉ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” โ€œ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ด€์ โ€์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ โ€˜๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜(democracy)โ€˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋กญ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์กด์—„์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.

์‹ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์€ ๋ถ„๋…ธ์™€ ๋ถˆ์‹ , ์ •์น˜์  ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ด โ€˜์ง„๋ณด์  ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ(progressive work ethic)โ€™ ๋น„์ „์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋•์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์œค์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝํƒˆ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฐฉ์ทจ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์šฉ๋‚ฉํ•  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹คโ€๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์–ป๊ณ , ์กด์ค‘๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํ™œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ญ์„คํ•œ๋‹ค.

์•ค๋”์Šจ ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ โ€˜์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒโ€™์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋˜๋ฌป๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์ด ์ž๋ณธ์˜ ์ด์ต์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กด์—„๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ง์—…์œค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ โ€˜ํƒˆํ™˜โ€™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์ž„์„ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.