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Based on โThe deep mystery physicists call โthe problem of timeโ | Jim Al-Khalili: Full Interviewโ from Big Think Watch the original video
The Ghost in the Machine: Unraveling the Great Mystery of Time
We feel it in the graying of our hair, the frantic pace of a deadline, and the slow crawl of a rainy Sunday afternoon. To us, time is the most fundamental reality of existenceโa river that flows relentlessly from a fixed past toward an uncertain future.
Yet, if you ask a physicist to show you this โflowโ in the fundamental equations of the universe, they will come up empty-handed. In the world of math and particles, time is often reduced to a mere coordinate, a humble lowercase t that behaves more like a map reference than a rushing current.
โIf you look up the โproblem of timeโ online, youโll find various definitions,โ says Jim Al-Khalili, Emeritus Professor of Physics at the University of Surrey and author of On Time. โBut it really boils down to four distinct problems: Does time flow? How do we reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity? What is special about โnowโ? And where does the direction of time come from?โ
In an age where we can synchronize atomic clocks to the billionth of a second, the fact that we still donโt know what time is remains the deepest mystery in science.
Manifest vs. Physical Time: The Dentist and the Party
The first hurdle in understanding time is separating our internal experience from external reality. Al-Khalili uses the term โmanifest timeโโa concept popularized by philosopher Craig Callenderโto describe time as we perceive it.
Weโve all experienced the elasticity of manifest time. When you are five years old, the year between birthdays feels like an eternity because it represents a massive percentage of your total life experience. By fifty, years go by in a flash. Conversely, on a shorter scale, thirty minutes in a dentistโs waiting room with no phone can feel like hours, while thirty minutes at a lively party vanishes in an instant.
โAt the party, youโre laying down new experiences, chatting, and taking in sensory input,โ Al-Khalili explains. โYet that time goes by much more quickly than the time that drags when youโre bored.โ
While our brains stretch and compress time based on emotion and memory, physics suggests a much more rigid structure. For centuries, following Isaac Newton, we believed in โAbsolute Timeโโa cosmic clock ticking away at a constant rate regardless of what was happening in the universe. But in 1905, Albert Einstein shattered that clock forever.
The Relativistโs Clock: Why Your Head is Older Than Your Feet
Einsteinโs Special Theory of Relativity revealed that time is not a universal constant; it is relative to the observer. If you travel close to the speed of light, your clock slows down relative to someone standing still.
This isnโt just a mathematical quirk; itโs a physical reality proven by subatomic particles called muons. Created in the upper atmosphere, muons have a lifespan of only a fraction of a secondโtoo short to reach the ground. Yet, because they travel at near-light speeds, their internal clocks slow down (time dilation), allowing them to survive long enough to be detected at Earthโs surface.
Einsteinโs General Theory of Relativity added another layer: gravity also slows time. โEveryone who uses a smartphone or Google Maps is making use of the fact that time runs at different rates,โ says Al-Khalili. GPS satellites are further from Earthโs gravity, meaning their clocks tick slightly faster than those on the ground. To keep your navigation accurate, engineers must manually slow down the satellite clocks to stay in sync with Earth.
The implication is startling: because gravity is stronger closer to the Earthโs center, your feet are technically younger than your head. The difference is infinitesimal, but it is real.
The Block Universe and the Illusion of โNowโ
If time is relative, then the idea of a universal โNowโ becomes impossible. If two stars explode at the same time from your perspective, an observer zooming past in a rocket might see one happen long before the other. Neither is wrong.
This leads many physicists to the โBlock Universeโ theory. Imagine the universe as a giant loaf of bread. Each slice represents a moment in time. In this view, the past, present, and future all exist simultaneously. Your birth is at one end of the loaf, and your death is at the other; both are equally โrealโ and eternally present within the four-dimensional structure of space-time.
โThis idea is called Eternalism,โ says Al-Khalili. โAll times coexist. Our consciousness is simply drifting along a โworld lineโ through this block.โ
This raises a troubling question about free will. If the future is already โthere,โ waiting for us like a pre-recorded movie, do we actually have a choice in our actions? Al-Khalili describes himself as a โcompatibilist.โ Even if the universe is deterministic and the future is set, the fact that we can never predict it from within the system gives us a functional version of free will. โIโm making free choices, and thatโs good enough,โ he remarks.
The Quantum Vanishing Act
The โproblem of timeโ reaches its peak when we try to merge the physics of the very large (Relativity) with the physics of the very small (Quantum Mechanics).
In the 1960s, physicists John Wheeler and Bryce DeWitt attempted to write a quantum equation for the entire universe. The result, known as the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, had a shocking feature: the variable for time (t) vanished completely. The equation describes a universe that simply is, without any reference to change or duration.
This has led some to suggest that time is an โemergent property,โ much like the โwetnessโ of water. You canโt find โwetnessโ in a single H2O molecule; it only emerges when trillions of molecules interact. Similarly, time might not exist at the most fundamental level of reality, only emerging when we zoom out to the macroscopic world.
The Arrow of Time: Why We Canโt Un-Spill Milk
If the fundamental laws of physics are โtime-symmetricโโmeaning they work just as well backward as forwardโwhy does the real world only move in one direction? Why do batteries die, buildings crumble, and people age, but never the reverse?
This is the โArrow of Time,โ usually attributed to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: entropy (disorder) always increases. A shuffled deck of cards will never spontaneously un-shuffle itself.
However, Al-Khalili points to a more modern explanation: Quantum Decoherence. In the quantum world, particles are โentangledโ with their surroundings. As a system interacts with its environment, its โquantum-nessโ leaks out and becomes irreversibly lost.
โDecoherence is regarded as the one truly irreversible process in nature,โ Al-Khalili argues. โI would argue that the arrow of time is baked into realityโฆ due to quantum entanglement and decoherence increasing all the time.โ
Conclusion: Is Time Real?
While some philosophers and physicists argue that time is a stubborn illusion, Jim Al-Khalili leans toward its reality. If the direction of time is built into the way quantum particles interact with the world, then time itself must have a foundation.
We may be trapped within the river, unable to step onto the bank and view the flow objectively, but that doesnโt make the water any less real. Whether time is a fundamental dimension of a frozen block universe or an emergent property of quantum entanglement, it remains the stage upon which the entire drama of existence is played out.
As Al-Khalili notes, we may never fully extract ourselves from time to see its true face, but by studying the way the universe ticks, we come closer to understanding our place within the โever-changing present.โ
Based on โ667. Hereโs Why You Are Constantly Fighting Off Scammers | Freakonomics Radioโ from Freakonomics Radio Network Watch the original video
The Billion-Dollar Meat Grinder: Inside the Global Scam Industry
In January, Chen Xi, a 38-year-old Chinese-born entrepreneur, was arrested in Cambodia and extradited to China. On the surface, Chen was the picture of success: one of the wealthiest men in Cambodia, a high-level government adviser, and the head of a massive real estate development firm. But beneath the veneer of legitimate business lay a darker reality. The U.S. government designated his holding company a transnational criminal organization, charging him with fraud and money laundering while seizing a staggering $15 billion in cryptocurrency.
Where did that money come from? According to U.S. prosecutors, Chen was a kingpin of โpig butcheringโโa chillingly descriptive term for a scam where victims are โfattened upโ with months of romantic or friendly attention before being โslaughteredโ for their life savings.
This isnโt just a series of isolated crimes; it is a sophisticated, multi-billion-dollar global industry. In Cambodia alone, cybercrime is estimated to generate $19 billion annuallyโroughly half of the countryโs GDP. In 2024, scammers in Southeast Asia stole an estimated $10 billion from Americans. To understand why your phone is buzzing with โwrong numberโ texts and your inbox is flooded with suspicious offers, you have to understand the brutal efficiency of the modern scam economy.
The Anatomy of an Industry
We often imagine scammers as lone hackers in dark basements. The reality is far more corporate. Modern scam operations, particularly those in Southeast Asia, function like Fortune 500 companies. They have HR departments, legal teams, marketing experts, and strict performance quotas for their โemployees.โ
Disturbingly, many of the people sending those messages are victims themselves. โThousands of workers fled [Chenโs compounds] after his arrest,โ notes the Freakonomics Radio team. โThey had reportedly been trafficked to Cambodia and were being held against their will.โ These captives are forced to run โboiler rooms,โ engaging in โAB testingโ on scam scripts to see which emotional triggers result in the highest payout.
โIt is absolutely an industry,โ says Marty De Lima, a gerontologist at the University of Minnesota who studies the impact of fraud. โA very complex, always evolving, very competitive industry.โ
The Myth of the Vulnerable Senior
There is a persistent myth that scams primarily target the elderly and the technologically illiterate. While older adults do lose more money per incidentโthe median loss for those over 80 is $1,400 compared to $500 for those under 50โthey are not the only targets.
โItโs a myth that older adults are more trusting or lack sophistication,โ De Lima explains. โData shows that middle-aged adults report victimization at the highest frequency.โ
The type of scam often dictates the demographic:
- Younger People: More likely to fall for fake job opportunities and online shopping scams.
- Middle-Aged Men: Frequently targeted for investment and cryptocurrency fraud.
- Older Adults: More susceptible to tech support and lottery scams.
The psychological toll is universal. De Lima describes scamming as โbetrayal trauma.โ The loss of self-efficacy and the shattering of oneโs worldview often lead to a sense of hopelessness so deep that it can result in suicideโa connection that is tragically underreported.
Why Do Scams Look So Obvious?
Weโve all seen them: the โNigerian Princeโ who needs help moving an inheritance, or the email from a stranger offering a free Yamaha baby grand piano. To a discerning eye, these look like amateur hour. But there is a cold, economic logic to the typos and the far-fetched premises.
In a 2012 paper, Microsoft researcher Cormac Hurley asked: Why do Nigerian scammers say they are from Nigeria? The answer is filtering. Scammers donโt want to waste time on people who are skeptical. By using a premise that is obviously a scam, they ensure that only the most gullible individualsโthose most likely to actually transfer moneyโrespond. Itโs a way to increase their โconversion rateโ while minimizing the labor cost of chasing โleadsโ that wonโt pay out.
However, as AI enters the fray, this โobviousโ phase is ending. โIf you can have your AI do the next step of following up with semi-interested people, thatโs not very costly,โ says De Lima. Scams are becoming more tailored, more professional, and harder to spot.
The Psychology of the Con: System 1 vs. System 2
Scammers are masters of human psychology, specifically the dual-process theory of the mind. Our brains operate in two modes: System 1 (fast, intuitive, emotional) and System 2 (slow, analytical, logical).
A scammerโs goal is to shut down your System 2. They do this through โemotional arousal,โ which can take two forms:
- High Positive Arousal: The promise of a windfall, a romantic connection, or a โground floorโ investment opportunity. This exploits our desires and greed.
- High Negative Arousal: The threat of arrest, a โseizedโ bank account, or a kidnapped relative. This exploits our fear.
When we are in a state of high emotion, we rely on โheuristicsโโmental shortcuts. We trust a voice because it sounds like a loved one (often via AI voice cloning), or we comply because a caller ID says โBank of America.โ
โCriminals will do anything they can to shut off our analytical processing,โ De Lima says. โThey want us to go straight to those shortcuts and comply.โ
The AI Arms Race and the Myth of Privacy
We are entering a new era of fraud where โcommon senseโ advice is becoming obsolete. Previously, experts told consumers to look for spelling errors or to ask for a video call. Today, AI can generate perfect prose and โdeepfakeโ a video call in real-time.
One of the most sophisticated modern tactics involves exploiting the bureaucracy of legitimate institutions. A scammer might send a text pretending to be your bank, asking if you authorized a purchase. When you donโt click the link (as a โwiseโ consumer shouldnโt) and instead call the bankโs real number, you might be put on hold. Scammers know this. They wait 30 minutes and call you back, faking the caller ID to look like the bank. Because you just tried to call them, your guard is down.
โPrivacy is a myth,โ warns De Lima. โOur information is out there and available to the highest bidder. Criminals know our names, Social Security numbers, addresses, and motherโs maiden names.โ
Who is Responsible?
As the scale of fraud reaches hundreds of billions of dollars, the question of accountability has shifted from the scammers to the platforms that enable them.
Katie Daffen, a former Assistant Director at the FTC, notes that the commission is increasingly going after โfacilitators.โ One example is the payment processor Paddle, which was charged with allowing scammers access to the credit card system despite internal warnings.
But the biggest elephant in the room is Big Tech. Leaked documents from Meta (the parent company of Facebook and Instagram) reportedly suggested that a significant portion of the companyโs revenue comes from ads for scams. While Meta claims they โaggressively fight scamsโ and took down nearly 11 million accounts last year, critics argue they arenโt doing enough.
โThe technical capacity of these companies to identify and flag scams is there,โ says De Lima. โTheyโre making a calculated choice.โ
The Erosion of Social Trust
Perhaps the most insidious cost of the scam industry isnโt financialโitโs the erosion of social trust. When every phone call is a potential threat and every email is a โpig butcherโ in disguise, the fabric of human connection begins to fray.
Social trust in the U.S. has declined sharply over the last 40 years, and the constant barrage of fraud is a primary driver. We have become a society that refuses to answer the phone. Marty De Lima admits that even she, an expert in the field, recently missed a legitimate mandatory cybersecurity training because the email looked too much like a scam.
โThis is the world that weโre now in,โ she says.
To protect yourself, the advice is simple but cynical: treat every unsolicited communication as a lie. Independently validate every claim. Donโt use the phone numbers provided in messages; find them yourself. In the age of the billion-dollar meat grinder, the only way to avoid being โslaughteredโ is to never let yourself be โfattened upโ in the first place.
Based on โDylan Patel โ The Single Biggest Bottleneck to Scaling AI Computeโ from Dwarkesh Patel Watch the original video
The Trillion-Dollar Silicon Ceiling: Inside the High-Stakes Race for AI Compute
In the quiet corridors of Silicon Valley and the sprawling industrial parks of Taiwan and the Netherlands, a number is being whispered that would have seemed like science fiction only two years ago: one trillion dollars.
That is the approximate scale of the capital expenditure (CapEx) currently being funneled into the global AI supply chain. The โBig FourโโAmazon, Meta, Google, and Microsoftโhave forecasted a combined CapEx of roughly $600 billion this year alone. When you add the frantic fundraising of AI labs like OpenAI (recently raising $110 billion) and Anthropic ($30 billion), the financial gravity of the AI revolution begins to warp the entire global economy.
But as Dylan Patel, Chief Analyst at SemiAnalysis, explains, this isnโt just a story about money. Itโs a story about physical limits, โcommitment issuesโ in the C-suite, and a tiny, specialized machine in the Netherlands that may ultimately decide the speed at which we reach Artificial General Intelligence (AGI).
The Gigawatt War: OpenAI vs. Anthropic
The most visible front of this war is being fought between the two leading AI labs: OpenAI and Anthropic. The divergence in their strategies is stark.
According to Patel, OpenAI has adopted a โYOLOโ approach to compute. Early on, Sam Altmanโs firm signed massive, long-term contracts for data centers and GPUs with Microsoft, Oracle, CoreWeave, and even SoftBank Energy. At the time, critics thought OpenAI was overextending, potentially risking bankruptcy if their revenue didnโt materialize.
Anthropic, led by Dario Amodei, took the opposite path. โDario was very conservative,โ Patel notes. โHe didnโt want to go crazy on compute because if revenue inflected at a different rateโฆ he didnโt want to go bankrupt.โ
This conservatism may have backfired. As AI revenue began to โmoon,โ Anthropic found itself compute-constrained. To keep up with demand for models like Claude 3.5 Opus and Sonnet, Anthropic is now forced to acquire โlast-minuteโ compute at a premium. While OpenAI locked in H100 GPUs at lower rates years ago, Anthropic is navigating a market where spot prices can reach $2.40 per hour for a chip that costs roughly $1.40 to operate.
โOpenAI has way more access to compute than Anthropic by the end of the year,โ Patel says. The result? Anthropic is having to turn to โneocloudsโ and secondary providers, paying higher margins and navigating data center delays just to stay in the race.
The Alchian-Allen Effect: Why High Costs Favor Great Models
One of the most counterintuitive aspects of the current AI boom is that older GPUs are actually increasing in value. Usually, tech depreciates faster than a new car driven off the lot. But in the age of scarcity, an H100 is worth more today than it was three years ago.
Patel points to the Alchian-Allen Effect to explain the marketโs behavior. In economics, this theorem suggests that if you add a fixed cost (like a high price for compute) to two goods of different quality, people will shift their consumption toward the higher-quality good.
โIf a Hopper GPU went from $2 to $3 an hour, the price differential between running a โmediumโ model and a โgreatโ model shrinks,โ Patel explains. โThe calculus is: Iโm paying all this money for the compute anyway; I might as well pay slightly more to make sure itโs the very best model.โ
This effect is driving all the revenue toward the โfrontierโ models. It also means that companies that signed five-year contracts years ago have locked in a massive competitive advantage. They are running the worldโs most valuable software on โcheapโ historical silicon, while newcomers are paying โAGI-pilledโ prices for the same hardware.
The Hidden Bottlenecks: From Turbines to Tin Droplets
While the world focuses on chips, the real bottlenecks are often more mundaneโand much harder to solve.
Google, for instance, recently โwoke upโ to the scale of the challenge. After seeing their Gemini revenue skyrocket to a $5 billion annual run rate in just months, the company shifted into overdrive. They arenโt just buying chips; they are putting down deposits on power turbines for 2028 and 2029, securing power purchasing agreements (PPAs), and buying up land with existing electrical grid access.
But even if you have the land and the power, you still need the silicon. And the silicon supply chain is hitting a physical wall.
To understand the scale, Patel breaks down the โmath of a gigawatt.โ To build one gigawatt of data center capacity using Nvidiaโs upcoming โRubinโ chips, you need:
- 55,000 wafers of 3nm logic.
- 170,000 wafers of DRAM memory.
- Millions of โEUV passes.โ
This leads to the ultimate gatekeeper of the AI era: ASML.
ASML: The 13.5-Nanometer Bottleneck
ASML, a Dutch company, is the only firm in the world capable of making Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lithography machines. These machines, which cost upwards of $400 million each, are the most complex devices ever built by humans.
The process is mind-boggling: inside the machine, a laser hits a droplet of molten tin twice. The first hit shapes the droplet; the second blasts it into a plasma that releases EUV light at a wavelength of 13.5 nanometers. This light is then reflected by the worldโs flattest mirrors (made by Zeiss) to โprintโ circuits onto silicon.
โASML can make about 70 of these tools this year,โ Patel says. โEven under very aggressive expansion, they only get to a little over 100 by the end of the decade.โ
If Sam Altman wants to bring a gigawatt of compute online every week by 2030, he would need to secure roughly 25% of the entire global output of EUV machines. This is a tall order when Apple, Intel, and the mobile phone industry also need those same machines to survive.
The โAGI-Pilledโ Gap
The strangest part of this trillion-dollar scramble is the disconnect between the buyers and the builders.
The AI labs (OpenAI, Anthropic, DeepMind) are โAGI-pilledโโthey believe they are years, not decades, away from models that can automate most human cognitive labor. If they are right, a GPU isnโt just a chip; itโs a โworkerโ that can repay its own cost in a matter of months.
However, the companies that actually make the machinesโASML, TSMC, and the memory vendorsโremain skeptical. They have lived through decades of โboom and bustโ cycles in the semiconductor industry. They are hesitant to build $20 billion fabs that might sit empty if the AI bubble bursts.
โConstantly, weโre told our numbers are way too high,โ Patel says of his firmโs projections. โAnd then when theyโre right, they say, โOkay, but your next yearโs numbers are definitely too high.โโ
This skepticism is the ultimate bottleneck. If the labs are right about the proximity of AGI, the world is drastically under-investing in the machinery required to build it. We are attempting to launch a digital god using a supply chain that is still worried about next yearโs smartphone sales.
As we approach 2030, the race for AI wonโt just be about who has the best code. It will be about who had the foresight to put a deposit on a tin-blasting laser in the Netherlands five years ago. In the trillion-dollar silicon war, the winners are those who realize that in a world of infinite software, the only thing that matters is the finite machine.
Based on โUnder Secretary of War on Iran, Anthropic and the AI Battle Inside the Pentagon | The a16z Showโ from a16z Watch the original video
Wartime Speed: Inside the Pentagonโs High-Stakes Race to Reclaim the AI Edge
In the quiet corridors of the Pentagon, a fundamental shift is occurring. For decades, the building operated at what insiders call โpeacetime speedโโa lethargic rhythm of bureaucratic red tape, thousand-page requirement documents, and a handful of massive defense contractors. But according to the Departmentโs Chief Technology Officer, those days are over. The United States is currently facing the largest military buildup in human history, and the battlefield is no longer just about steel and gunpowder; itโs about silicon and software.
In a recent candid discussion on The a16z Show, the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (often referred to as the Pentagonโs CTO) laid out a bracing vision for the future of American Dynamism. From the โholy cowโ moments involving commercial AI models to the chilling reality of vendor lock-in during active military operations, the message was clear: The Pentagon must adopt Silicon Valleyโs โwartimeโ urgency, or risk falling behind an adversary that isnโt waiting for a committeeโs approval.
The Ghost of the โLast Supperโ
To understand why the Pentagon is struggling to modernize, one must look back to the early 1990sโa period the Under Secretary identifies as the beginning of the โpeacetime speedโ era. Following the Cold War, the Department of Defense held a famous meeting known as โThe Last Supper.โ Military leaders told industry giants that the era of massive procurement and rapid innovation was over. They encouraged consolidation, telling companies to become dividend-payers and stock-buybackers rather than disruptors.
The result was a defense industrial base that shrank from dozens of competitors to just four or five โprimes.โ While the U.S. rested on its laurels, China began a massive military expansion in the mid-2000s. โWeโve outsourced a lot of our key domestic productionโcritical minerals, batteries, supply chain components,โ the Under Secretary warned. โWe looked up and realized we have a lot of catching up to do.โ
From 14 Priorities to 6: The Radical Simplification
When the Under Secretary took office, he found a department spread too thin, buried under 14 โcriticalโ priority areas that hadnโt changed in a decade. โWho can remember 14 things when youโre trying to motivate a workforce?โ he asked.
In a move reminiscent of a Silicon Valley turnaround, he slashed the list to six. At the absolute top of that list: Applied AI.
The goal isnโt just to build โkiller robots,โ but to integrate AI as a โsubstrateโโa layer of intelligence that touches every facet of the military. He categorizes the AI mission into three distinct buckets:
- Enterprise Efficiency: Automating mundane administrative tasks for the departmentโs 3 million employees.
- Intelligence Augmentation: Using AI to sift through decades of siloed satellite imagery and data. โYou take a human analyst and you increase their throughput by a thousand,โ he explained.
- Warfighting & Logistics: Using models to solve complex physics problems, plan fuel-efficient troop movements in contested environments, and run millions of combat simulations.
The results of this focus have been immediate. In just 90 days, the number of Department personnel using some form of AI jumped from 80,000 to over 1.2 million.
The โHoly Cowโ Moment: The Conflict of Constitutions
The most provocative part of the discussion centered on the Pentagonโs relationship with โFrontierโ AI companies like Anthropic and OpenAI. In the past, software was a tool the military bought and owned. Today, AI is often provided as a service with โTerms of Serviceโ and โCorporate Constitutions.โ
The Under Secretary described a โholy cowโ moment when reviewing contracts inherited from previous administrations. He discovered dozens of restrictions baked into the software. In theory, these commercial modelsโintegrated into the most sensitive combat commandsโcould be โturned offโ by the vendor if an operation violated a companyโs internal ethical guidelines.
โThe softwareโs โsoulโ or โconstitutionโโwhich is not the U.S. Constitutionโcannot be dictating our command and control environment,โ he argued. โWe cannot have a situation where a model could just stop in the middle of an operation and put lives at risk because a vendor decided it didnโt like how the tool was being used.โ
This tension became visceral following the Maduro raid, a highly successful military operation. A senior executive from a primary AI vendor reportedly questioned whether their software was used during the raid, expressing hesitation about its involvement.
โWhen a company says, โHey, was our software used there because weโre not sure weโd like that,โ a chill goes up your spine,โ the Under Secretary said. โItโs like a stranger saying they saw your kid at school. You realize you are โsingle-threadedโ on a vendor whose values might not align with national security.โ
The โElon Modelโ and the Regulatory Moses
To fix this, the Pentagon is attempting to โmove the debrisโ of bureaucracy. The Under Secretary is pushing for a shift from โCost-Plusโ contractsโwhich reward companies for taking longer and spending moreโto โFirm-Fixed-Priceโ contracts.
He calls this the โElon Model,โ citing SpaceXโs success. Instead of a thousand-page Request for Proposal (RFP) that dictates exactly how to build a bolt, the Pentagon is moving toward simple requirements: I need a missile that goes this far, in this environment, with this payload. You figure out how to build it.
This shift is designed to open the door for startups. However, the Under Secretary issued a challenge to the โAmerican Dynamismโ movement: Innovation isnโt enough. Startups must learn the โold worldโ muscle of mass production. โThe primes have an advantage in manufacturing at scale. Startups need to build the factories, the quality testing, and the supply chains to cross that chasm.โ
A Call to Service
The Under Secretaryโs journey to the Pentagon wasnโt a traditional one. A successful tech executive and immigrant whose first language was Arabic, he felt a pull toward public service after selling his company, Tellme Networks, to Microsoft.
He views the current moment as a โgalvanizingโ one for the tech industry, similar to the 2018 โProject Mavenโ controversy at Google. While that moment saw some employees protest military contracts, it also birthed a new generation of patriotic founders who want to ensure the U.S. maintains its technological edge.
โOur system doesnโt come for free,โ he concluded. โWe need builders, people who care, and people who are willing to sacrifice. We need patriots to come and do these things every now and again because industry has the best brains, but the country needs those brains to protect our way of life.โ
As the AI battle inside the Pentagon intensifies, the goal remains singular: ensuring that when the next โwartimeโ moment arrives, the United States is moving at the speed of the future, not the pace of the past.
Based on โLouise Erdrich on Her New Story Collection and the Mystery of Writingโ from New York Times Podcasts Watch the original video
The Art of the Army Crawl: Louise Erdrich on the Mystery of the Written Word
In the world of contemporary American literature, few figures loom as large or as prolific as Louise Erdrich. Since her 1984 debut Love Medicine, she has navigated nearly every corner of the literary landscape, from haunting poetry to National Book Award-winning fiction. Yet, despite her decades of acclaim and a Pulitzer Prize to her name, Erdrich remains a writer who views her own process not as a masterclass in control, but as a slow, often bewildering โarmy crawlโ through the undergrowth of her own imagination.
In a recent conversation with Gilbert Cruz on the New York Times Book Review podcast, Erdrich peeled back the curtain on her latest collection, Pythonโs Kiss, and shared the idiosyncratic, often physical ways she brings her stories to life.
The Eight-Year Short Story
Perhaps the most striking revelation of Erdrichโs process is the sheer timeline of her shorter works. One story in the new collection, โThe Love of My Days,โ is a mere ten pages long, yet it took eight years to complete. For Erdrich, this isnโt a matter of writerโs block, but of a quiet, persistent gestation.
โI have a set of words just randomly pop up,โ she explains. โI keep notebooks. I write something down, and sometimes something keeps going for a while, but it always fizzles out.โ She describes these fragments as โnuggetsโ that occasionally lose their energy and are tucked awayโsometimes for yearsโonly to resurface when the writer herself has changed.
She describes the completion of these stories not as a sprint, but as a slow movement across a landscape. โIt just crept alongโฆ army crawled along the forest floor somehow until it got to the end.โ This patience isnโt a disciplined choice, she insists, but a byproduct of her own curiosity. She writes to amuse herself, returning to a draft only when a single line or paragraph hooks her back into the narrativeโs world.
When the Story โAnnounces Itselfโ
One of the eternal questions for any multi-genre writer is how to decide whether an idea belongs in a poem, a childrenโs book, or a sprawling novel. For Erdrich, the decision is rarely hers to make.
โIt announces itself,โ she says. โI donโt have a way of changing it if itโs not going to be what it wants to be.โ If a narrative refuses to stop, it becomes a novel; if it evolves toward a resolution within twenty pages, it remains a story. This lack of authorial ego is central to her philosophy. She views writing as a process that happens outside of her conscious willโa necessity for someone who describes herself as โnot a very in control personโ in her daily life.
Writing, for Erdrich, is her primary mode of processing the world. It began in the fifth grade as a way to handle being โoverwhelmedโ by the ending of the original Planet of the Apes. Growing up in North Dakotaโa state she describes as a โnational sacrifice areaโ due to its hundreds of underground ICBM silosโthe filmโs nuclear subtext resonated with a terrifying clarity. That early anxiety fueled a lifelong habit of keeping diaries, which she admits began as โcries of woeโ before evolving into the rich repositories of detail that now inform her fiction.
The Physicality of the Page
While many imagine a writerโs work as a purely intellectual exercise, Erdrichโs method is surprisingly physical. When she finds herself โoffโ or stuck, she literally takes to the floor.
โI have to throw everything on the floorโall these notebooks, these crazy notesโand I have to crawl through them and put them in order,โ she says. This โphysicalizing of the intellectual actโ allows her to see the architecture of a story in a way a computer screen cannot provide. It is a humble image: one of our greatest living writers on her hands and knees, sorting through scraps of paper to find the missing beginning of a tale.
This humility extends to her view of her own successes. When The Night Watchmanโa novel based on her grandfatherโs fight against Native American termination policiesโwon the Pulitzer Prize, Erdrich famously remarked that the award didnโt go to her, but to the book and her grandfather. As she has aged, she says her ego has retreated, allowing her to embrace a โsimplicityโ in her storytelling that she lacked in her earlier, more self-conscious years.
A Life Built on Letters
Erdrichโs literary DNA is rooted in a family of prolific letter writers. Her father would write long, exaggerated letters about the mundaneโturning her motherโs canning hobby into a tall tale about canning toads and slugs. He even undertook a project to write a limerick for every single town in North Dakota.
This tradition of written connection shaped Erdrichโs understanding of character and voice. Her grandfatherโs letters from his time as tribal chairman for the Turtle Mountain Chippewa became the foundational โpersonalityโ for the protagonist of The Night Watchman. For Erdrich, the archive of family letters is more than just a memory; it is a โtreasureโ that proves the power of the written word to preserve a soul.
The Evolution of the Indigenous Voice
Beyond her own writing, Erdrich is a fierce advocate for other authors. Since 2001, she has owned Birchbark Books, an independent bookstore in Minneapolis. In the twenty-five years since its opening, she has witnessed a tectonic shift in the literary landscape.
โWhen I first started, there was only one set of shelves that had any Native titles on them,โ she recalls. โAnd they were mostly by non-Native authors about Native people.โ Today, the store could be filled entirely with Indigenous voices. She points to the โexplosionโ of Native writing as a fulfillment of a prophecy: that once writers from different tribes began to tell their unique stories, the world would realize the vast, diverse richness of the Indigenous experience.
When asked for recommendations, she points to James Welchโs 1974 novel Winter in the Blood, calling it a โbeautiful, bleak, short, funny, intensely personal bookโ that she returns to repeatedly.
The Mystery of the โOther Worldโ
Despite her immense body of work, Erdrich maintains that the act of creation remains a mystery to herโand she prefers it that way. She often looks back at her own handwriting in old notebooks and feels a sense of detachment, as if the words were written by someone else.
โIโm, in my real life, a boring person,โ she claims with a laugh. โI donโt really have a magical personality, but the stories write themselves.โ She believes that while research and thought are essential, there is a piece of art that belongs to โsome other world, some other entity.โ
As the interview concluded, Erdrich offered a glimpse into her current reading habits, which range from the ancient and meditative (Sei Shลnagonโs The Pillow Book for insomnia) to the provocatively modern. On her shelf currently sits a book titled Make the Golf Course a Public Sex Forestโa compendium of essays regarding a local Minneapolis land-use controversy.
It is this blend of the high-brow and the earthy, the historical and the speculative, the Pulitzer-winning and the โarmy-crawlingโ that defines Louise Erdrich. She remains a writer who is less interested in being a โliterary figureโ than she is in following the mystery of the next sentence, wherever it might lead her on the forest floor.
ํ๊ตญ์ด
โThe deep mystery physicists call โthe problem of timeโ | Jim Al-Khalili: Full Interviewโ โ Big Think ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌ ์๋ณธ ์์ ๋ณด๊ธฐ
[์ฌ์ธต ๋ฆฌํฌํธ] ์๊ฐ์ ํ๋ฅด๋๊ฐ, ์๋๋ฉด ๋ฉ์ถฐ ์๋๊ฐ? ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ์ด ๋ง์ฃผํ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ์์๊ป๋ผ โ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ โ
์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ฒ๋ผ ๋น์ฐํ๊ฒ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์ด์๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ ์ง๋๊ฐ๊ณ , ์ค๋์ ํ๋ฅด๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ด์ผ์ ์์ง ์ค์ง ์์๋ค๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์กด์ฌ ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ทธ ์์ฒด์ ๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ํ๋ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ ์๋ ํ์๋ค์๊ฒ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์๋ณด๋ค ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ๊น๋ค๋กญ๊ณ ๋นํน์ค๋ฌ์ด ๋์์ ๋๋ค.
์๊ตญ ์๋ฆฌ ๋ํ๊ต(University of Surrey)์ ์ด๋ก ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ ๋ช ์ ๊ต์์ด์ ์ ๋ช ํ ๊ณผํ ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ดํฐ์ธ ์ง ์์นผ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ(Jim Al-Khalili)๋ ์ด๋ฅผ **โ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ (The Problem of Time)โ**๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฆ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์์ ์ ์ ์ ใ์จ ํ์(On Time)ใ์ ํตํด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๊ณ ์๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ ์ ์์ ํ ๋คํ๋๋ ๋ค ๊ฐ์ง ํต์ฌ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๋์ง๋๋ค.
1. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋๋ผ๋ ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ดด๋ฆฌ
์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ํํ ์๊ฐ์ด โํ๋ฅธ๋คโ๊ณ ํํํฉ๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์์นผ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ ๊ต์๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๊ด์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ด์ฐฐํ๋ ๋ฐ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ง์ ํฉ๋๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๋ ์์คํ ์์ ์์ ํ ๋งค๋ชฐ๋์ด(Embedded) ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ์์คํ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋๊ฐ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๊ด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณผ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋๋ค.
์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ์์ ์ฒ ํ์๋ค์ **โํ์์ ์๊ฐ(Manifest Time)โ**๊ณผ **โ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์๊ฐ(Physical Time)โ**์ ๊ตฌ๋ถํฉ๋๋ค.
- ํ์์ ์๊ฐ: ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๋๊ฐ ์ง๊ฐํ๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋๋ค. ์น๊ณผ ๋๊ธฐ์ค์์์ 30๋ถ์ ์๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ๋๊ปด์ง์ง๋ง, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ด ํํฐ์์์ 30๋ถ์ ๋ ๊น์งํ ์ ์ง๋๊ฐ๋๋ค. ๋์ด๊ฐ ๋ค์๋ก ์๊ฐ์ด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํ๋ฅธ๋ค๊ณ ๋๋ผ๋ ๊ฒ ์ญ์ ์๋ก์ด ๊ฒฝํ์ ๋ฐ๋๊ฐ ๋ฎ์์ง๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ํ์์ ๋๋ค.
- ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์๊ฐ: ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ ๋ฒ์น ์์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ๋๋ค. ๋๋๊ฒ๋ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ ๋ฐฉ์ ์ ์์์ ์๊ฐ($t$)์ ๊ทธ์ ํ๋์ ์ขํ๋ ์ซ์์ ๋ถ๊ณผํฉ๋๋ค. ๋ฐฉ์ ์ ์์๋ ์๊ฐ์ด โํ๋ฅธ๋คโ๋ ๊ฐ๋ ๋, โ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์์ ๋ฏธ๋๋ก ํฅํ๋คโ๋ ํน๋ณํ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ฑ๋ ์กด์ฌํ์ง ์์ต๋๋ค.
2. ์์ธ์ํ์ธ์ด ๋ถ์ โ์ ๋์ ์๊ณโ์ ํ์
์์ด์ ๋ดํด(Isaac Newton)์ ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ด๋์์๋ ๋์ผํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฑ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ โ์ ๋์ ์๊ณโ๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฏฟ์์ต๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์๋ฒ ๋ฅดํธ ์์ธ์ํ์ธ(Albert Einstein)์ ์ด ๋ฏฟ์์ ์ฐ์ฐ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋์ต๋๋ค.
**ํน์ ์๋์ฑ ์ด๋ก (Special Theory of Relativity)**์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋น์ ์๋๋ ๋๊ฐ ์ธก์ ํด๋ ์ผ์ ํด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค. ์ด ์์น์ ์งํค๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ์๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด ๊ด์ฐฐ์์ ์๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ณํด์ผ๋ง ํฉ๋๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ด ๋ฐ๋ก ์๊ฐ ์ง์ฐ(Time Dilation) ํ์์ ๋๋ค. ์ค์ ๋ก ๋๊ธฐ๊ถ ์์ธต๋ถ์์ ์์ฑ๋ ๋ฎค์จ(Muon) ์ ์๋ ์๋ช ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ์งง์ ์งํ๋ฉด์ ๋๋ฌํ ์ ์์ด์ผ ํ์ง๋ง, ๋น์ ๊ฐ๊น์ด ์๋๋ก ์ด๋ํ๋ฉฐ ์๊ฐ์ด ๋๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ํ๋ฅธ ๋๋ถ์ ์ง์๊น์ง ๋๋ฌํฉ๋๋ค.
**์ผ๋ฐ ์๋์ฑ ์ด๋ก (General Theory of Relativity)**์ ํ ๋ฐ ๋ ๋์๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์ค๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐํ ์๋ก ์๊ฐ์ ๋ ๋๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ํ๋ฆ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ทธ์น์ง ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋งค์ผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ GPS ์์ฑ์ ์ง๊ตฌ ํ๋ฉด๋ณด๋ค ์ค๋ ฅ์ด ์ฝํ ๊ณณ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ง์๋ณด๋ค ์๊ฐ์ด ๋ฏธ์ธํ๊ฒ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํ๋ฆ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ ํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ๋ด๋น๊ฒ์ด์ ์ ์ค์ฐจ๋ ๊ฑท์ก์ ์ ์์ด ์ปค์ง๋๋ค. ์ฆ, ๋น์ ์ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋น์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ณด๋ค ์์ฃผ ๋ฏธ์ธํ๊ฒ ๋ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค.
3. โ๋ธ๋ก ์ฐ์ฃผโ์ ์์ ์์ง์ ์ญ์ค
์์ธ์ํ์ธ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ์๊ฐํํ๋ฉด ์๊ฐ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํฉํ **โ4์ฐจ์ ์๊ณต๊ฐ(4-dimensional Spacetime)โ**์ด ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ์๋ค์ ์ด๋ฅผ โ๋ธ๋ก ์ฐ์ฃผ(Block Universe)โ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ก ์ค๋ช ํฉ๋๋ค.
์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ํ์ฌ, ๋ฏธ๋๋ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ ์ฑ ํ๋์ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ๋ฉ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ก ์กด์ฌํฉ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ **์์์ฃผ์(Eternalism)**๋ผ๊ณ ํฉ๋๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ โ์ง๊ธโ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋๋ผ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ์ํ ํ๋ฆ์ ํ ํ๋ ์์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ฒด ํ๋ฆ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ์์ฑ๋์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ต๋๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ ๋ค๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ์ โ์์ ์์งโ๋ ์ด๋์ ์์๊น์? ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฏธ๋๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ธ๋ก ์ฐ์ฃผ ์์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค๋ฉด, ๋์ ์ ํ์ ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๊น์? ์์นผ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ ๊ต์๋ ์ด์ ๋ํด **์๋ฆฝ ๊ฐ๋ฅ๋ก (Compatibilism)**์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฒ ํ์ ํ๋๋ฅผ ์ทจํฉ๋๋ค. ์ค๋ น ์ฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ก ์ (Deterministic)์ผ์ง๋ผ๋, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฐ์ฃผ ๋ด๋ถ์ ๊ด์ฐฐ์๋ก์ ๋ฏธ๋๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ ์์ธกํ ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ํ์ ์ฌ์ ํ ์์ ๋ก์ด ์ ํ์ผ๋ก์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค.
4. ์๊ฐ์ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ, ์๋๋ฉด โ์ฐฝ๋ฐโ๋ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ?
๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ์ ์ต๋ ๊ณผ์ ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช ํ๋ ์๋์ฑ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช ํ๋ ์์ ์ญํ์ ํตํฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ **ํ ๋ฌ-๋์ ๋ฐฉ์ ์(Wheeler-DeWitt Equation)**์ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋๋ค. ์ฐ์ฃผ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ค๋ช ํ๋ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ ์์๋ โ์๊ฐโ ๋ณ์๊ฐ ์์ ์กด์ฌํ์ง ์์ต๋๋ค.
์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๋ถ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ์๋ค์ ์๊ฐ์ด **โ์ฐฝ๋ฐ์ ์์ฑ(Emergent Property)โ**์ผ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํฉ๋๋ค.
- ์ฝํ ์ฐฝ๋ฐ(Weak Emergence): ๋ฌผ ๋ถ์ ํ๋์๋ โ์ ์โ์ด๋ผ๋ ์์ฑ์ด ์์ง๋ง, ์์กฐ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ์๊ฐ ๋ชจ์ด๋ฉด โ์ ์โ์ด ๋ํ๋๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ต๋๋ค.
- ๊ฐํ ์ฐฝ๋ฐ(Strong Emergence): ๊ฐ๋ณ ๋ด๋ฐ์ ํ๋์์๋ ์ฐพ์๋ณผ ์ ์๋ โ์์โ์ด ๋ ์ ์ฒด์์ ๋ํ๋๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ต๋๋ค.
์๊ฐ ์ญ์ ์์ ์์ค์ ๋ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌด์ธ๊ฐ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ผ ๋ฟ, ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์๋ฆฌ๋ ์๋ ์๋ ์๋ค๋ ๋ป์ ๋๋ค.
5. ์๊ฐ์ ํ์ด: ์ํธ๋กํผ์ ์์ ์ฝํ
๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ ๋ฒ์น์ด ์๊ฐ ๋์นญ์ (Time-symmetric)์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , ์ ํ์ค์์๋ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ค์ง ํ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ผ๋ก๋ง ํ๋ฅผ๊น์? ๋ฌ๊ฑ์ด ๊นจ์ง ์๋ ์์ด๋ ์ค์ค๋ก ๋ถ์ ์๋ ์๋ ์ด์ ๋ ๋ฌด์์ผ๊น์?
์ ํต์ ์ธ ๋ต๋ณ์ ์ด์ญํ ์ 2๋ฒ์น(Second Law of Thermodynamics), ์ฆ **์ํธ๋กํผ(Entropy)**์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋ ์์คํ ์์ ๋ฌด์ง์๋๋ ํญ์ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ฑ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ค๋ ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋๋ค.
ํ์ง๋ง ์์นผ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ ๊ต์๋ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ํ ๊ฑธ์ ๋ ๋์๊ฐ **์์ ์ฝํ(Quantum Entanglement)**๊ณผ **๊ฒฐ์ด๊ธ๋จ(Decoherence)**์์ ๊ทธ ํด๋ต์ ์ฐพ์ต๋๋ค. ์์ ์์คํ ์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ํธ์์ฉํ๋ฉฐ ์ ๋ณด๊ฐ ํฉ์ด์ง๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋๋ฆด ์ ์๋(Irreversible) ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์๊ฐ์ ํ์ด์ด ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์ฆ ์์ ์์ค์ ์ํธ์์ฉ ์์ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฐ์ธ๋์ด(Baked into reality) ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํฉ๋๋ค.
๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์๊ฐ์ ์ฌ์ ํ ์ค์ฌํ๋ค
์ง ์์นผ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ ๊ต์๋ ์๊ฐ์ด ํ์์ด๋ผ๋ ์ผ๋ถ์ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ฐํ๋ฉฐ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌํฉ๋๋ค. ์๊ฐ์ด ๋ฌด์ธ๊ฐ ๋ ๊น์ ์๋ฆฌ์์ ์ฐฝ๋ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ ํ ์ง๋ผ๋, ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ฑ์ด ์ค์ฌํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ํ๋ฆ์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ํ์์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๋ช ๋๋ ํ ์๊ฐ์ โ์ค์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒโ์ ๋๋ค.
โ์๊ฐ์ ํ์ด์ด ์ค์ฌํ๋ค๋ฉด, ์๊ฐ ๊ทธ ์์ฒด๋ ์ค์ฌํด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค. ์ฒด์ ๊ณ ์์ด์ ๋ฏธ์(๋ฐฉํฅ์ฑ)๋ง ์กด์ฌํ ์๋ ์์ต๋๋ค. ๋ฏธ์๋ฅผ ์ง๋ ๊ณ ์์ด(์๊ฐ)๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋์ ํ์ํ์ฃ .โ
์ฐ์ฃผ์ ํ์์ธ ๋น ๋ฑ (Big Bang)๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์์๋ ์ด ์๋ํ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ํ ์๋ง์ ์์๊ป๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ์ด ์ด โ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ โ๋ฅผ ํ๋์ฉ ํ์ด๋๊ฐ ๋๋ง๋ค, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋๊ตฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋๋ก ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋์ง์ ๋ํ ๋ณธ์ง์ ์ธ ๋ต์ ์กฐ๊ธ์ฉ ๋ ๊ฐ๊น์์ง๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค.
โ667. Hereโs Why You Are Constantly Fighting Off Scammers | Freakonomics Radioโ โ Freakonomics Radio Network ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌ ์๋ณธ ์์ ๋ณด๊ธฐ
โ๋ผ์ง๋ฅผ ์ด์ฐ์ ๋์ดํ๋ผโ : ๋น์ ์ ์ผ์์ ํ๊ณ ๋๋ ์ง๋ฅํ ์ฌ๊ธฐ, โ์ค์บ ์ฐ์ โ์ ๋ฏผ๋ฏ
์ง๋ 1์, ์บ๋ณด๋์์์ ํ๋ํ๋ ์ค๊ตญ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ ์ฒ์(Chen Xi)๊ฐ ์ฒดํฌ๋์ด ์ค๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ์กํ๋์์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์บ๋ณด๋์์์ ์๊ผฝํ๋ ์์ฐ๊ฐ์ด์ ์ ๋ถ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ๊น์ง ์ง๋ธ ์๋ฆฌํธ ๋น์ฆ๋์ค๋งจ์ด์์ง๋ง, ์ค์์ ๋ฌ๋์ต๋๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ ๋ถ๋ ๊ทธ์ ์ง์ฃผํ์ฌ๋ฅผ โ์ด๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๋ฒ์ฃ ์กฐ์งโ์ผ๋ก ๊ท์ ํ๊ณ ์ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋์ธํ ํ์๋ก ๊ธฐ์ํ๋ฉฐ 150์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ(์ฝ 20์กฐ ์) ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ํธํํ๋ฅผ ์์ํ์ต๋๋ค.
์ด ๋ง๋ํ ๋์ ์ด๋์ ๋์์๊น์? ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐํ์๋ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ **โ๋ผ์ง ๋์ด(Pig Butchering)โ**์ด๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ํนํ๊ณ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ธ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ์ฌ๊ธฐ ์๋ฒ์ด ์์์ต๋๋ค. ๋ง์น ๋ผ์ง๋ฅผ ๋์ดํ๊ธฐ ์ ์ด์ ์ฐ์ฐ๋ฏ, ํผํด์์ ์๊ฐ์ ํน์ ์๋ ๊ฐ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์์ ๋ค ์ ์ ํ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ก์ฑ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋๋ค.
์ค๋๋ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ ๋จ์ํ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ผํ์ด ์๋๋๋ค. ์ฐ๊ฐ ์์ญ์กฐ ์์ด ์ค๊ฐ๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ๊ณ ์ ๊ตํ โ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ฐ์ โ์ผ๋ก ์งํํ์ต๋๋ค. ํ๋ฆฌ์ฝ๋ ธ๋ฏน์ค ๋ผ๋์ค(Freakonomics Radio)๊ฐ ํํค์น ํ๋ ์ฌ๊ธฐ ์ฐ์ ์ ์คํ์ ๊ทธ ์์์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด์๋จ๋ ๋ฒ์ ์ ๋ฆฌํ์ต๋๋ค.
1. ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ โ์ฐ์ โ์ด ๋์๋๊ฐ?
์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ โ๋งค์ฐ ๋ณต์กํ๊ณ , ๋์์์ด ์งํํ๋ฉฐ, ์น์ดํ๊ฒ ๊ฒฝ์ํ๋ ์ฐ์ โ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ ์ํฉ๋๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒ์ฐฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์บ๋ณด๋์์ ์ฌ์ด๋ฒ ๋ฒ์ฃ ์์ต์ ์ฐ๊ฐ ์ฝ 190์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ๋ฌํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ์บ๋ณด๋์ ๊ตญ๋ด์ด์์ฐ(GDP)์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ก๋ฐํ๋ ์์น์ ๋๋ค.
์ด ์ฐ์ ์ ํฉ๋ฒ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ๋ณธ๋จ๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค.
- ๋ถ์ ํ๋ ์กฐ์ง: ๋ง์ผํ ํ, IT ๊ฐ๋ฐ ํ, ์ฌ์ง์ด ์ธ์ฌ(HR) ๋ถ์์ ๋ฒ๋ฌดํ๊น์ง ๊ฐ์ถ๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค.
- A/B ํ ์คํธ: ์ด๋ค ๋ฉ์์ง๊ฐ ๋ ๋์ ์๋ต๋ฅ ์ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๋์ง ๋์์์ด ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์์ ํฉ๋๋ค.
- ์ธ์ ์์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ: ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ๋ค์๊ฒ ํ ๋น๋(Quota)์ ๋ถ์ฌํ๊ณ ์ค์ ์ ์๋ฐํฉ๋๋ค. ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ด๋ค ์ค ์๋น์๊ฐ ์ธ์ ๋งค๋งค๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋๋ ค์จ โ๊ฐ์ ๋ ธ๋์โ๋ผ๋ ์ ์ ๋๋ค.
2. ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋๋ํ๋ฉด์๋ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋นํ๋๊ฐ?
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ๋ค์ํ ๋ํ๊ต์ ๋ ธ๋ ํ์ ๋งํฐ ๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ง(Marty De Lima) ๊ต์๋ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ ธ์ธ๋ค๋ง์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ผ๋ ํต๋ ์ ์ ๋ฉด์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ฐํฉ๋๋ค.
์ธ๋๋ณ ํ๊ฒํ ์ ์ฐจ์ด
- ์ฒญ๋ ์ธต: ๊ฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์ธ ๊ด๊ณ ๋ ์จ๋ผ์ธ ์ผํ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ ธ์ถ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
- ์ค์ฅ๋ ์ธต: ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ธฐ ํผํด ์ ๊ณ ์จ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ์ง๋จ์ ๋๋ค.
- ๊ณ ๋ น์ธต: ๊ธฐ์ ์ง์(Tech Support) ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ณต๊ถ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ ์ด ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ น์ธต์ ์์ฐ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ 1์ธ๋น ํผํด ์ก์๊ฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๋๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ํฝ๋๋ค.
์ธ์ง ์์คํ ์ ํ์ : ์์คํ 1 vs ์์คํ 2
์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํฉ๋๋ค.
- ์์คํ 1: ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ ์ง๊ด์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ธ ํ๋จ (๋ณธ๋ฅ)
- ์์คํ 2: ๋๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ถ์์ ์ธ ํ๋จ (์ด์ฑ)
์ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ๋ค์ ๋ชฉํ๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ โ์์คํ 2โ๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ โ์์คํ 1โ๋ก๋ง ํ๋ํ๊ฒ ๋ง๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ๊ทธ๋ค์ โ์ ์์ ๊ฐ์ฑ(Emotional Arousal)โ ์ํ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํฉ๋๋ค.
- ๊ธ์ ์ ์๊ทน: โ๋น์ ๋ง ์๋ ํน๋ณํ ํฌ์ ๊ธฐํโ, โ์ด๋ช ์ ์ธ ์ฌ๋โ (ํ์๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋๊ฐ)
- ๋ถ์ ์ ์๊ทน: โ์ง๊ธ ๋น์ฅ ์กฐ์นํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฉด ์ฒดํฌ๋ฉ๋๋คโ, โ๊ณ์ข๊ฐ ๋๊ฒฐ๋์์ต๋๋คโ (๊ณตํฌ์ ์๊ธ์ฑ)
์ฌํ ๊ณตํฌ๋ ํฅ๋ถ ์ํ์ ๋น ์ง๋ฉด, ํ์ ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๋ ์ฌ๋๋ โ์ํ์์ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ์ค๋ค๋ ์ผ๋จ ๋ฏฟ์โ๋ผ๋ ์์ ์ง๋ฆ๊ธธ(Heuristic)์ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
3. AI๋ผ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋จ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ๋ค
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ง์ถค๋ฒ์ด ํ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋งํฌ๊ฐ ์ด์ํด ์์์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ ์ต๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ธ๊ณต์ง๋ฅ(AI)์ ๋ฑ์ฅ์ด ๊ฒ์์ ๊ท์น์ ๋ฐ๊ฟจ์ต๋๋ค.
- ์ธ์ด ์ฅ๋ฒฝ์ ๋ถ๊ดด: ์ฑGPT(ChatGPT) ๊ฐ์ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ์ธ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ฌ์ฉํด ์๋ฒฝํ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ๊ณผ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฌ์ด ๋งํฌ๋ก ํผํด์์๊ฒ ์ ๊ทผํฉ๋๋ค.
- ๋ฅํ์ดํฌ์ ์์ฑ ๋ณต์ : ์ฌ๋ํ๋ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ๋ชฉ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ ํด ๋ฉ์น ์ํฉ์ ์ฐ์ถํ๊ฑฐ๋, ์์ ํตํ ์ค์ ์ผ๊ตด์ ๋ฐ๊ฟ์น๊ธฐํด ์ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์ป์ต๋๋ค.
- ์๋ํ๋ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ: ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์๋ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ ํ ๋ช ์ด ์๋ฐฑ ๋ช ์๊ฒ ์ง์ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ด์ผ ํ์ง๋ง, ์ด์ ๋ AI๊ฐ ์์ต ๋ช ์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ธํ๋ ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ด๊ณ ์ด๊ธฐ ์๋ต๊น์ง ๋์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํฉ๋๋ค.
4. ๊ฑฐ๋ ํ๋ซํผ์ โ์นจ๋ฌตํ๋ ํํธ๋์ญโ
๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ ์ฌ๊ธฐ ์ฐ์ ์ ๋ฒ์ฐฝ ๋ค์ ๊ฑฐ๋ IT ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค์ ์ฑ ์๋ ์ ์ง ์์์ ์ง์ ํฉ๋๋ค. ๋ฉํ(Meta, ํ์ด์ค๋ถ๊ณผ ์ธ์คํ๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋ชจํ์ฌ)์ ๋ด๋ถ ๋ฌธ๊ฑด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋งค์ถ์ ์ฝ 10%๊ฐ ์ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ด๊ณ ๋ ๊ธ์ง ํ๋ชฉ ๊ด๊ณ ์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค๋ ๋ถ์๋ ์์ต๋๋ค.
๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ง ๊ต์๋ โ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ์ ์ ์ฐจ๋จํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ์ง๋ง, ํ๋ซํผ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค์ด ๋น์ฉ ๋๋น ์์ต์ ๋ฐ์ง๋ฉฐ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ โ๋ผ๊ณ ๊ผฌ์ง์ต๋๋ค. ํผํด์๋ค์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ์ ์๋งํ ๋ค, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ โ๋ด๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ณด ๊ฐ์์ ๋นํ๋คโ๋ฉฐ ์๊ธฐ ์์ ์ ํํฉ๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ด๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ค์๋ฅผ ๋์ด ๋ฒ์ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์นํ๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํฉ๋๋ค.
5. ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ขฐ์ ๋ถ๊ดด, ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋์ฒํ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ?
์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ ๋จ์ํ ๋์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋์ด โ๋ฐฐ์ ํธ๋ผ์ฐ๋ง(Betrayal Trauma)โ๋ฅผ ๋จ๊น๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ธ๊ฐ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ฌํ ์์คํ ์ ๋ํ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋ฉฐ, ์ฌํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํผํด์๋ฅผ ์์ด๋ก ๋ชฐ์๋ฃ๊ธฐ๋ ํฉ๋๋ค.
์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ์ ์ํ๋ **โ์ค์บ ๋ฐฉ์ง ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์คํธโ**๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ต๋๋ค.
- ๋ชจ๋ ์๊ธฐ์น ์์ ์ฐ๋ฝ์ ์์ฌํ๋ผ: ์ด๋ฉ์ผ, ๋ฌธ์, ์ ํ ๋ฑ ๋จผ์ ์ฐพ์์จ ์ฐ๋ฝ์ ์ผ๋จ โ๊ฐ์งโ์ผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ผ๋์ ๋์ด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.
- ๋ ๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ก ํ์ธํ๋ผ: ๋ฉ์์ง์ ํฌํจ๋ ๋งํฌ๋ ์ ํ๋ฒํธ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ ํด๋ฆญํ์ง ๋ง์ธ์. ๊ณต์ ํํ์ด์ง๋ฅผ ์ง์ ๊ฒ์ํด ์ ์ํ๊ฑฐ๋, ๊ณต์ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ผํฐ ๋ฒํธ๋ก ์ง์ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์ด ํ์ธํด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.
- ์๊ฐ์ ์๋ฐ์ ์ ํญํ๋ผ: โ์ง๊ธ ๋น์ฅโ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ค๋ฉด 99% ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋๋ค. ์ด์ฑ์ ์ธ ํ๋จ์ ๋ด๋ฆด ์๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ฒ ํ๋ ค๋ ์๋ฒ์ ๋๋ค.
- ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด์ ์ ํ์์ ๋ฒ์ด๋๋ผ: ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ์ด ๋ด ์ด๋ฆ, ์ฃผ์, ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ฒํธ ๋ท์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ํด์ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด ์ง์์ธ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๋ณด๋ ์ด๋ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ก์์ โ์ต๊ณ ๊ฐ ์ ์ฐฐ์โ์๊ฒ ํ๋ ค ๋๊ฐ ์์ต๋๋ค.
๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณด์ด์ง ์๋ ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์
์ฌ๊ธฐ ์ฐ์ ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ ์ํตํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ํ๊ดดํ๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค. โ๋ชจ๋ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ์์ฌํด์ผ ํ๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋ ์ด๋ฉ์ผ์ ๊ฑธ๋ฌ์ผ ํ๋ ์ธ์โ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฌํ์ ์์คํ ์์ฐ์ธ โ์ฌํ์ ์ ๋ขฐโ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์๋จน์ต๋๋ค.
์ด์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ฃผ์๋ ฅ์ ๋์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ , ๊ตญ์ ์ ๊ณต์กฐ๊ฐ ํ์ํ ์์ ์ ๋๋ค. ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋๋ ๋งํผ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ก์๋ด๋ AI ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ํ๋ซํผ ๊ท์ ๊ฐ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจ๋์ด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค. ๋ฌด์๋ณด๋ค ์ค์ํ ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ ํผํด์๋ฅผ ๋น๋ํ์ง ์๋ ๋ฌธํ์ ๋๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ โ๋ฉ์ฒญํด์ ๋นํ๋ ๊ฒโ์ด ์๋๋ผ, โ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ณธ์ฑ์ ์ด์ฉํ๋๋ก ์ค๊ณ๋ ์ ๊ตํ ๋ซโ์ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋๋ค.
โDylan Patel โ The Single Biggest Bottleneck to Scaling AI Computeโ โ Dwarkesh Patel ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌ ์๋ณธ ์์ ๋ณด๊ธฐ
[์ธ์ฌ์ดํธ] 600์กฐ ์์ ๋ฒ ํ , ํ์ง๋ง โ์ง์ง ๋ณ๋ชฉโ์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์๋ค: ๋๋ฐ ํํ ์ด ์ง๋จํ๋ AI ์ปดํจํ ์ ๋ฏธ๋
์๋ก : ์กฐ ๋จ์ ๋ฌ๋ฌ๊ฐ ํฌ์ ๋๋ AI ์ ์์ ์ค์ฒด
์ต๊ทผ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก์ํํธ, ๊ตฌ๊ธ, ๋ฉํ, ์๋ง์กด ๋ฑ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ โ๋น 4โ ํ ํฌ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค์ด ์ฌํด ์์๋ถ๊ฒ ๋ค๊ณ ๋ฐํํ ์๋ณธ ์ง์ถ(CapEx) ์ด์ก์ ๋ฌด๋ ค 6,000์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ(์ฝ 800์กฐ ์)์ ๋ฌํฉ๋๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์คํAI(OpenAI)์ ์ค์ค๋กํฝ(Anthropic) ๊ฐ์ AI ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ค์ด ์กฐ๋ฌํ ์ฒ๋ฌธํ์ ์ธ ํฌ์๊ธ๊น์ง ๋ํ๋ฉด, ๋ฐ์ผํ๋ก โ์กฐ ๋จ์ ๋ฌ๋ฌโ์ ์๋๊ฐ ์ด๋ ธ์ต๋๋ค.
ํ์ง๋ง ๋์ด ์ถฉ๋ถํ๋ค๊ณ ํด์ AI์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ด ๋ฌดํ์ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ ์ ์์๊น์? ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์ ๋ฌธ ๋ถ์ ๊ธฐ๊ด โ์ธ๋ฏธ์๋ ๋ฆฌ์์ค(SemiAnalysis)โ์ CEO ๋๋ฐ ํํ (Dylan Patel)์ ๋จํธํ๊ฒ โ์๋์คโ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ตํฉ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ต๊ทผ ๋์๋ฅด์ผ์ ํํ (Dwarkesh Patel)๊ณผ์ ๋๋ด์์, ๋๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋ฌด์์ด โ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ํ๊ณโ์ โ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง์ ๋ณ๋ชฉ ํ์โ์ด AI ํ์ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ชฉ์ ์ก๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํฉ๋๋ค.
1. ๋์ ๋์ง๋ง ์ ๊ธฐ๋ ์์ง์ด๋ค: 6,000์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ํ๋ฐฉ
๋น ํ ํฌ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ค์ด ๋ฐํํ 6,000์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ผ๋ ๊ฑฐ์ก์ ๋น์ฅ ์ค๋ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์นฉ์ ์ฌ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋๋ค. ๋๋ฐ ํํ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ด ๋น์ฉ์ ์๋น ๋ถ๋ถ์ **โ๋ฏธ๋๋ฅผ ์ํ ์๋ฆฌ ์ ์ โ**์ ํฌ์ ๋๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค.
- ์ธํ๋ผ ์ ์ : ๊ตฌ๊ธ์ด ์ง์ถํ๋ ์์ฒ์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ์ค ์๋น์ก์ 2028๋ ๊ณผ 2029๋ ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ ๋ฐ์ ๊ธฐ ํฐ๋น ์์ฝ๊ธ, 2027๋ ์๊ณต๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ผํฐ ๊ฑด์ค๋น, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฅ๊ธฐ ์ ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ๋งค ๊ณ์ฝ(PPA)์ ๊ณ์ฝ๊ธ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ ๋๋ค.
- ์ถ๋ก (Inference)์ ๋ช: ์ค์ค๋กํฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ๋งค์ถ์ 60์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ ๋๋ฆด ๋๋ง๋ค, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ์ํ โ์ถ๋ก ์ฉ ์ปดํจํ โ ๋น์ฉ๋ง ์ฝ 40์ต ๋ฌ๋ฌ๊ฐ ๋ญ๋๋ค. ํ์ฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์์ค์์ ๋งค์ถ ์ฑ์ฅ์ ๊ณง ๊ธฐํ๊ธ์์ ์ธ ์ปดํจํ ์ฉ๋ ์ฆ์ค์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๋งค๋ ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ํธ(GW)๊ธ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ผํฐ๋ฅผ ์๋ก ์ง์ด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ๋ป์ ๋๋ค.
2. โ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฒ ํ โ์ ์คํAI vs โ์์น์ ๋ณด์์ฃผ์โ์ ์ค์ค๋กํฝ
๋๋ฐ ํํ ์ ๋ ๋ํ์ ์ธ AI ๋ฉ์ ์ ๋ต ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ํฅํ ์นํจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ถ์ํฉ๋๋ค.
- ์คํAI์ โYOLOโ ์ ๋ต: ์ ์ฌํธ๋จผ์ ๋์ด ์๋ ์๋ ์ผ๋จ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ์ปดํจํ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ๋ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ํ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์์ต๋๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ค๋ผํด(Oracle), ์ฝ์ด์๋ธ(CoreWeave), ์ฌ์ง์ด ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ผํฐ ๊ฑด์ค ๊ฒฝํ์ด ์๋ ์ํํธ๋ฑ ํฌ ์๋์ง์๋ ์์ ์ก์ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋์ ์ธ ์ปดํจํ ์์์ ํ๋ณดํ์ต๋๋ค.
- ์ค์ค๋กํฝ์ ์ ์ค๋ก : ๋ฐ๋ฉด ๋ค๋ฆฌ์ค ์๋ชจ๋ฐ์ด(Dario Amodei) CEO๋ ํ์ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณํ๋ฉฐ ๋ณด์์ ์ธ ํ์ฅ์ ์ ํํ์ต๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ด๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก โ์ปดํจํ ๋ถ์กฑโ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ถ๋ฉ๋์ผ๋ก ๋์์์ต๋๋ค. ๋ค๋ฆ๊ฒ ์ฉ๋์ ํ๋ณดํ๋ ค๋ค ๋ณด๋, ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ์ฝํ ์ ์ฒด๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ๋น์ผ โ์คํ(Spot)โ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ์ง๋ถํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์์ต์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ผ์ด์ฃผ๋ ๋ถ๋ฆฌํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ผ๋ก ์ปดํจํ ์ ๋น๋ ค ์จ์ผ ํ๋ ์ํฉ์ ์ฒํ์ต๋๋ค.
3. ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ ์ญ์ค: โ์ค๊ณ GPU๊ฐ ๋ ๋น์ธ์ง๋ ์ธ์โ
์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋๋ฉด ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ํ๋ฝ(๊ฐ๊ฐ์๊ฐ)ํฉ๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง AI ์นฉ, ํนํ ์๋น๋์(NVIDIA)์ H100์ ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ๊ธธ์ ๊ฑท๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค.
- ๋ชจ๋ธ ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ๋ง๋ฒ: ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ํคํ ์ฒ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ฉด์(์: GPT-4์์ GPT-5.4๋ก), ๊ฐ์ H100 ์นฉ ํ๋๋ก ๋ฝ์๋ผ ์ ์๋ ํ ํฐ(Token)์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ํจ์ฌ ์ปค์ก์ต๋๋ค. ์ฆ, ์นฉ์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ๊ทธ๋๋ก์ง๋ง ๊ทธ ์นฉ์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ด๋ โ์ง๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์นโ๊ฐ ๋์์ง๋ฉด์ ์นฉ์ ๋ชธ๊ฐ๋ ์ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ๋ ํ์์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค.
- ๊ธด ์๋ช ์ฃผ๊ธฐ: ๋น๊ด๋ก ์๋ค์ GPU ์๋ช ์ด 2~3๋ ์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์ง๋ง, ๋๋ฐ์ AI ์์๊ฐ ํญ๋ฐํ๋ ํ ์ํฉ์์ 5๋ ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ A100์กฐ์ฐจ๋ ์ฌ์ ํ โ๊ทํ์ ๋ชธโ ๋์ ์ ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ์ญ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ง์ ํฉ๋๋ค.
4. ์ต์ข ๋ณด์ค, ASML๊ณผ EUV: ์ธ๋ฅ๊ฐ ์ง๋ฉดํ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ข์ ๋ณ๋ชฉ
๋๋ฐ ํํ ์ด ๊ผฝ์ AI ํ์ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ด๊ณ ์น๋ช ์ ์ธ ๋ณ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ ฅ๋, ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ผํฐ๋ ์๋ **โ๋ ธ๊ด ์ฅ๋น(Lithography)โ**์ ๋๋ค.
- EUV์ ํ๊ณ: ์ธ๊ณ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ณต์กํ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ธ ASML์ EUV(๊ทน์์ธ์ ) ๋ ธ๊ด ์ฅ๋น๋ 1๋ ์ ๊ณ ์ 70~80๋ ์ ๋๋ง ์์ฐ๋ฉ๋๋ค. 2030๋ ์ด ๋์ด๋ ์ฐ๊ฐ ์์ฐ๋์ 100๋๋ฅผ ๊ฒจ์ฐ ๋๊ธธ ์ ๋ง์ ๋๋ค.
- ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ํธ๋น ์ฅ๋น ์: 1๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ํธ(GW) ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ผํฐ๋ฅผ ์ต์ ์๋น๋์ ๋ฃจ๋น(Rubin) ์นฉ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ฐ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ฝ 3.5๋์ EUV ์ฅ๋น๊ฐ ํ์ํฉ๋๋ค. ์ ์ฌํธ๋จผ์ด ๊ฟ๊พธ๋ โ๋งค์ฃผ 1๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ํธ ์ฆ์คโ์ ์คํํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ ์ธ๊ณ EUV ์์ฐ๋์ 25% ์ด์์ ํผ์ ๋ ์ ํด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ณ์ฐ์ด ๋์ต๋๋ค.
- ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง์ ๊ฒฝ์ง์ฑ: ASML ์ฅ๋น์ ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ ๊ด์(Cymer), ๋ ์ฆ(Carl Zeiss) ๋ฑ ํต์ฌ ๋ถํ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง์ ๊ทน๋๋ก ๋ณต์กํ์ฌ ๋จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ์์ฐ๋์ ๋ ๋ฐฐ, ์ธ ๋ฐฐ๋ก ๋๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํฉ๋๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ AI์ ๋ฐ์ ์๋๋ ASML์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ด๋๋์ ๋ฌ๋ ค ์๋ ์ ์ ๋๋ค.
5. ์ ๋ณด์ ๋น๋์นญ: ๊ตฌ๊ธ์ ์ โํฉ๊ธ์์ ๋ณ๋ ๊ฑฐ์โ๋ฅผ ํ์๋?
ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ก์ด ์ํผ์๋ ์ค ํ๋๋ ๊ตฌ๊ธ์ ์ค์์ ๋๋ค. ๊ตฌ๊ธ์ ์์ฒด AI ์นฉ์ธ TPU๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ ํ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ํ๋ ์ด์ด์ง๋ง, ์ด๊ธฐ์๋ AI ์์๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์ํ๊ฐํ์ต๋๋ค.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ตฌ๊ธ์ ์ค์ค๋กํฝ์ ๋ง๋ํ ์์ TPU ์ฉ๋์ ํ๋งคํ์ต๋๋ค. ๋น์ ๊ตฌ๊ธ ํด๋ผ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์์ง์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋จ์ํ ๋งค์ถ๋ก ์๊ฐํ์ง๋ง, ์ผ๋ง ์ง๋์ง ์์ ๊ตฌ๊ธ ๋ฅ๋ง์ธ๋(DeepMind) ํ์ ์์ ๋ค์ด ์ธ ์ปดํจํ ์์์ด ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๊นจ๋ซ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ์ต๋๋ค. ์ค์ค๋กํฝ์ด ๊ตฌ๊ธ๋ณด๋ค ๋จผ์ โ์ปดํจํ ์ ๊ฐ์นโ๋ฅผ ์์๋ณด๊ณ ์์์ ์ ์ ํด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค. ์ดํ ๊ตฌ๊ธ์ ๊ธํ๊ฒ ํ์ธ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ์ฌ ์ ๋ ฅ ํ๋ณด์ ์นฉ ์์ฐ์ ์ฌํ์ ๊ฑธ๊ธฐ ์์ํ์ต๋๋ค.
๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์ง๋ฅ์ ํ๊ณ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ ์กฐ์ ํ๊ณ๋ค
๋๋ฐ ํํ ์ ๋ถ์์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ ์ค์ํ ์์ฌ์ ์ ๋์ง๋๋ค. AI๋ ๋ ์ด์ ์ํํธ์จ์ด๋ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ์์ญ์๋ง ๋จธ๋ฌผ์ง ์์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ด์ **โ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋ง์ ์์๋ฅผ ์ ๊ตํ๊ฒ ๋ฐฐ์ดํ์ฌ ์นฉ์ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ , ์ผ๋ง๋ ๋ง์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ด๋์ํฌ ์ ์๋๊ฐโ**๋ผ๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ํฐ๊ฐ ๋์์ต๋๋ค.
์กฐ ๋จ์ ๋ฌ๋ฌ์ ์๋ณธ์ด AI๋ก ๋ชฐ๋ ค๋ค๊ณ ์์ง๋ง, ๊ทธ ๋์ด ํต๊ณผํด์ผ ํ ๋ฌธ์ ASML์ ์ข์ ์์ฐ ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ ํ์ ๋ ์ ๋ ฅ๋ง๋ฟ์ ๋๋ค. ์์ผ๋ก์ 5๋ , AI ์น์๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋๋ํ ์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์๊ฐ ์๋๋ผ, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณต๊ธ๋ง์ ๋ณ๋ชฉ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋จผ์ ๋ซ์ด๋ด๋ ์๊ฐ ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค.
โUnder Secretary of War on Iran, Anthropic and the AI Battle Inside the Pentagon | The a16z Showโ โ a16z ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌ ์๋ณธ ์์ ๋ณด๊ธฐ
โํํ๊ณค์ ์ํผ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋งก๊ธธ ์ ์๋คโ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ CTO๊ฐ ๋ฐํ๋ AI ์ ์์ ๋ด๋ง
๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ(DoD)๋ ํ์ฌ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ ๋ก์๋ ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ ๊ธด์ฅ๊ฐ ์์ ๋์ฌ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ง๋ฅ(AI)์ด ๋ชจ๋ ์ฐ์ ์ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๊พธ๋ โ๋ฒ์ฉ ์ธ๊ณต์ง๋ฅ(AGI)โ ์๋๋ก ํฅํ๋ ์ง๊ธ, ์ธ๊ณ ์ต๊ฐ์ ๊ตฐ์ฌ๋ ฅ์ ์๋ํ๋ ํํ๊ณค ๋ด๋ถ์์๋ ์๋ฆฌ ์๋ ์ ์์ด ๋ฒ์ด์ง๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ก **โ์ ์ ์๋(Wartime Speed)โ**๋ก์ ์ฒด์ง ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋๋ค.
์ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฑ๊ณตํ ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ์์ ๋ฏธ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์์ฅ(CTO)์ผ๋ก ๋ณ์ ํ **์ค๋ฆฌํ ๋ง๋ฝ๋น(Shereef Marakby)**๋ ์ต๊ทผ โa16z ์ผโ์ ์ถ์ฐํ์ฌ, ํํ๊ณค์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ AI ๋์ ์ ์ฅ๋ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ค์ค๋กํฝ(Anthropic) ๋ฑ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋๋ฌ์ผ ๊ธด๋ฐํ ๋นํ์ธ๋ ์คํ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์์ด ๊ณต๊ฐํ์ต๋๋ค.
1. โํ์์ ์๋๋ ๋๋ฌ๋คโ : ํํ๊ณค์ ๋ฅ์น ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ
๋ง๋ฝ๋น CTO๋ ๋ถ์ ์งํ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ์ ํ์ ์๋๊ฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ ๋นํด ํฑ์์ด ๋ค์ฒ์ ธ ์๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ์ง์ํ์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ํ์ฌ์ ์ํฉ์ **โ์ญ์ฌ์ ์ต๋ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๊ตฐ๋น ์ฆ
โLouise Erdrich on Her New Story Collection and the Mystery of Writingโ โ New York Times Podcasts ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฌ ์๋ณธ ์์ ๋ณด๊ธฐ
[์ธํฐ๋ทฐ] ๋ฃจ์ด์ฆ ์ด๋๋ฆฌํฌ, ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ๊ธธ์ด ์ฌ๋ฆฐ โ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋นโ
ํ๋ฆฌ์ฒ์๊ณผ ์ ๋ฏธ๋์์์ ์๊ถํ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฅ, ๋ฃจ์ด์ฆ ์ด๋๋ฆฌํฌ(Louise Erdrich)๊ฐ ์ ์ ๋จํธ ์์ค์ง ใํ์ด์ฌ์ ํค์ค(Pythonโs Kiss)ใ๋ก ๋์์๋ค. 1984๋ ๋ฐ๋ท์ ใ์ฌ๋์ ์ฝ(Love Medicine)ใ ์ดํ ์์ค, ์, ๋ ผํฝ์ , ์๋๋ฌธํ๊น์ง ์ฅ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๋๋๋ค๋ฉฐ 20์ฌ ๊ถ์ ์ฑ ์ ํด๋ธ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ ๋ช ์ค์๋ถ ํ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ํํ๋ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ด์ํ์์ค(NYT) ํ์บ์คํธ์ ์ถ์ฐํ ๊ทธ๋ ๋ 20๋ ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ์์ฑ๋ ์ด๋ฒ ์์ค์ง์ ํตํด ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋ ๊ณ ํต์ค๋ฝ๊ณ ๋ ์ ๋น๋ก์ด ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ํด ๊น์ด ์๋ ํต์ฐฐ์ ์ ํ๋ค.
10ํ์ด์ง๋ฅผ ์ํ 8๋ ์ ์๊ฐ, โํฌ๋ณตโํ๋ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ
์ด๋๋ฆฌํฌ์ ์ฐฝ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ํจ์จ์ฑ์ด๋ ์๋์๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฉ๋ค. ์ด๋ฒ ์์ค์ง์ ์๋ก๋ ใ๋ด ์์ ์ ์ฌ๋(The Love of My Days)ใ์ ๋จ 10ํ์ด์ง ๋ถ๋์ด์ง๋ง, ์์ฑ๊น์ง ๋ฌด๋ ค 8๋ ์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์ **โ์ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ธฐ์ด๊ฐ๋ ๊ตฐ์ธ์ ํฌ๋ณต(Army crawl)โ**์ ๋น์ ํ๋ค.
โ์ธ๋ด์ฌ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์์ ๊ฐ๊น์ต๋๋ค. ์ฐ๋ค๊ฐ ๋งํ๋ฉด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์ ํ๋ฌ ๋ ๋๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ค ๋ฌธ๋ ๋ณด์์ฒ๋ผ ๋ฌธ์ฅ ํ๋, ๋ฌธ๋จ ํ๋๊ฐ ์ฐพ์์ค๋ฉด ๋ค์ ๊ทธ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ์ ๋์ฌ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .โ
๊ทธ๋ ๋ ๋๋ก ์๋ง์ ๋ ธํธ์ ์ข ์ด ์กฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ ํผ์ณ๋๊ณ ์ค์ ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ธฐ์ด ๋ค๋๋ฉฐ ์์๋ฅผ ๋ง์ถ๋ค๊ณ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ๋ค. ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์์ ์ถ์์ ์ธ ์์ด๋์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ข ์ด ๋ญ์น๋ก ๋ค๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ๋ชธ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ชํ๋ ๊ณผ์ , ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ด ์ด๋๋ฆฌํฌ๊ฐ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋น์ด๋ด๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ด๋ค.
์์ค์ ์ค์ค๋ก๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๋ค: ์๊ฐ์ ์์ง๋ฅผ ๋์ด์ ์์ญ
๋ง์ ์๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฅ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ค์ ํ๊ณ ์งํ์ ์์ํ์ง๋ง, ์ด๋๋ฆฌํฌ์๊ฒ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ โ์ค์ค๋ก ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ ๋๋ฌ๋ด๋ ์กด์ฌโ๋ค.
โ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋ฌด์์ด ๋๊ณ ์ถ์์ง ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ฟ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์์ค(Novel)์ด ๋ ์ด๋ช ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ์ถ์ง ์๊ณ ๊ณ์ ๋์๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ด๊ณ , ๋จํธ(Short Story)์ด๋ผ๋ฉด 15~20ํ์ด์ง ์์์ ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ ํฅํด ์งํํ์ฃ . ์ ์์ง๋ ํต์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ผ์ด๋๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋๋ค.โ
๊ทธ๋ ๋ ์์ ์ด ์ถ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํต์ ํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ์๋๊ธฐ์, ์ด๋ฌํ ์์ ์ ๋ถํ์ค์ฑ์ ์คํ๋ ค ํธ์ํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ธ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. ํนํ ์์ ์ ๊ฒฝํ์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๋ ์ ์ผํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด โ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐโ์์์ ๋ฐํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฑํ์ ๋๋ถํฐ ์จ์จ ์ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฟ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋์์์ ์ธ๊ธํ๋ค.
ํต ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ ๊ธฐ์ง ์์์ ์๋ ์๋ ์ ๊ณตํฌ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก
์ด๋๋ฆฌํฌ์ ๋ฌธํ์ ๊ฐ์์ฑ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ ์์ ๋ ธ์ค๋ค์ฝํ์์์ ๊ฒฝํ๊ณผ ๋ง๋ฟ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฑํ๊ต 5ํ๋ ๋ ์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์์ํ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๋ ์ํ <ํน์ฑํ์ถ(Planet of the Apes)>์ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ด์๋ค.
โ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํต์ ์์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ์์ ์ง๊ฐํ์ต๋๋ค. ๋น์ ์ ๊ฐ ์ด๋ ๋ ธ์ค๋ค์ฝํ๋ ์ธ๊ณ 3์์ ํต ๊ฐ๊ตญ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฆด ๋งํผ ์๋ฐฑ ๊ฐ์ ๋๋ฅ๊ฐํ๋๋ฏธ์ฌ์ผ(ICBM) ๊ธฐ์ง๋ก ๋๋ฌ์ธ์ฌ ์์์ฃ . ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์ โ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ํฌ์ ์ง์ญโ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์ดํ ์๋ถ์ฌ์ ๋๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ต๋๋ค.โ
์ ์์ด ํฐ์ง๋ฉด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋จผ์ ํ๊ดด๋ ๊ณณ์์ ์๋ ์๋ ์๊ฒ ์ธ์์ ์๋์ ์ธ ๊ณตํฌ์๊ณ , ์ผ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ทธ ํผ๋์ค๋ฌ์ด ์ธ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ๊ณ ์ดํดํ๋ ค๋ ์ ๋ฐํ ์๋์๋ค.
๊ฑฐ์ฅ๋ค์ ์ ์ฐ: ์ฒดํธํ์์ ๋ก๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋กํ๊น์ง
๋จํธ ์์ค์ ๊ฑฐ์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์กด๊ฒฝํ๋ ์๊ฐ๋ ๋จ์ฐ **์ํค ์ฒดํธํ(Anton Chekhov)**๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ ์๊ฐ์ด ํ์ํ ๋๋ง๋ค ์ฒดํธํ์ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ๋์๊ฐ๋ค. ๋ํ ํ๋ ์๊ฐ ์ค์์๋ ์กฐ์ง ์๋์ค(George Saunders)์ ๋ก๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋กํ(Lauren Groff)๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ธํ๋ค.
ํนํ ๋ก๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋กํ์ ๋จํธ ใ๋ธ๋กค๋ฌ(Brawler)ใ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ ๋๋ฌผ์ ํ๋ ธ๋ ๊ฒฝํ์ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ฉฐ, ์์ค ์ โ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด ์์ โ์ด ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ๊ตฌํ๋ ค ์ ์ฐ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์์ ๊น์ ์ ์์ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ค. โ์์ ์ด ์ด ๊ธ์ ์ค์ค๋ก ๋๋ฌผ์ ํ๋ฆด ๋๊ฐ ์๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์์ ์ด ์๊ฐ์ ํต์ ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ด๋ ๋ ์์ ์ธ ์๋ช ๋ ฅ์ ์ป์์์ ์๋ฏธํฉ๋๋ค. ์๊ฐ์ธ ์ ์กฐ์ฐจ ์ ๊ฐ ์ผ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ด ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ์ง ์์ ๋๊ฐ ์์ฃ . ๊ทธ ์ ๋น๋ก์์ด ๊ธ์ ๊ณ์ ์ฐ๊ฒ ๋ง๋ญ๋๋ค.โ
์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ฌธํ์ ํญ๋ฐ์ ์ฑ์ฅ๊ณผ โ๋ฒ์น๋ฐํฌ ๋ถ์คโ
์ด๋๋ฆฌํฌ๋ ๋ฏธ๋์ ํด๋ฆฌ์ค์์ โ๋ฒ์น๋ฐํฌ ๋ถ์ค(Birchbark Books)โ๋ผ๋ ๋ ๋ฆฝ ์์ ์ 25๋ ์งธ ์ด์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์๋ง์กด์ ๊ณต์ธ ์์์๋ ์ด์๋จ์ ์ด ์์ ์ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ฌธํ์ ์งํ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ ์ฐ์ฆ์ธ์ด๋ค.
โ์ฒ์ ์์ ์ ์ด์์ ๋๋ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ด๋ จ ์๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋จ ํ๋๋ฟ์ด์๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ง์ ๋ ๋น์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ด ์ฑ ๋ค์ด ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ด์์ต๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ง๊ธ์ ์์ ์ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์๊ฐ์ ์ฑ ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ธ ์ ์์ ๋งํผ ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ฌธํ์ด ํญ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ฅํ์ต๋๋ค.โ
๊ทธ๋ ๋ ์ ์์ค ์ฐ์น(James Welch)์ ใ์ํฐ ์ธ ๋ ๋ธ๋ฌ๋(Winter in the Blood)ใ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ๊ฒ ์ถ์ฒํ๋ฉฐ, ์์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๊ฐ์์ ๋ถ์กฑ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์จ ๋ด๋ ค๊ฐ๋ ๋ ์ฐฝ์ ์ธ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ค์ด ํ๋ ๋ฌธํ์ ์๋ก์ด ํ๋ ฅ์ ๋ถ์ด๋ฃ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ค.
์ฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์: ๋ถ๋ฉด์ฆ์ ์ํ ๊ณ ์ ๋ถํฐ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ง
์ธํฐ๋ทฐ ๋ง๋ฏธ, ๊ทธ๋ ๋ ์์ ์ ๋ ์ ์ทจํฅ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์์ด ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค. ์ง๋ ํ ๋ถ๋ฉด์ฆ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ค์ ์ํด ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฐ ์ถ์ฒํ ์ฑ ์ 1,000๋ ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์ํ์ง์ธ ์ธ์ด ์ผ๋๊ณค์ **ใ๋ง์ฟ ๋ผ๋ ธ์์(The Pillow Book)ใ**๋ค. โ๋จํธ์ ์ธ ๋ฆฌ์คํธ์ ์๋ฆ๋ค์ด ๋ฌ์ฌ๋ค์ด ์ด์ด์ ธ ์ ๋ค๊ธฐ ์ ๋ฃ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ฒฝํ๋คโ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ์ ์ค๋ช ์ด๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ฉด, ์๊ฐ๋ก์์ ์ง์ ๋ณ๋ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ๋ค. ๋ฌธ์ฅ์์ โ๋๋๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ค(giggle)โ๋ โํ๋ก์ด๋ค(gasp)โ ๊ฐ์ ์ํฌ์ ์ธ ํํ์ด ๋ฐ๋ณต๋๋ฉด ๊ฐ์ฐจ ์์ด ์ฑ ์ ๋ฎ์ด๋ฒ๋ฆฐ๋ค๋ ๊ทธ๋ ๋, ์ต๊ทผ ์์ ์ ์๊ฐ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์์ธ์ ์ฑ ์ผ๋ก ใ๊ณจํ์ฅ์ ๊ณต๊ณต ์น์ค ์ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์(Make the Golf Course a Public Sex Forest)ใ๋ผ๋ ํ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์์ธ์ด์ง์ ์๊ฐํด ์์์ ์์๋ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
๋ฃจ์ด์ฆ ์ด๋๋ฆฌํฌ์๊ฒ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ ์ฌ์ ํ ํ๋ฆฌ์ง ์๋ ์์๊ป๋ผ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ ์์๊ป๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ฃผํ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ธ์ ๊ณ ํต์ ๋๋ฌผ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ ๊ณ์๋๊ณ ์๋ค. โ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์๊ฒ ์ ๋น๋ก์์ด ํ์ํฉ๋๋ค. ์ ๊ฐ ํ๋ ์ผ์ ๋ํด ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ด ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ ๋์๊ฐ๊ฒ ํฉ๋๋ค.โ