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March 14, 2026

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Based on โ€œThe deep mystery physicists call โ€œthe problem of timeโ€ | Jim Al-Khalili: Full Interviewโ€ from Big Think Watch the original video

The Ghost in the Machine: Unraveling the Great Mystery of Time

We feel it in the graying of our hair, the frantic pace of a deadline, and the slow crawl of a rainy Sunday afternoon. To us, time is the most fundamental reality of existenceโ€”a river that flows relentlessly from a fixed past toward an uncertain future.

Yet, if you ask a physicist to show you this โ€œflowโ€ in the fundamental equations of the universe, they will come up empty-handed. In the world of math and particles, time is often reduced to a mere coordinate, a humble lowercase t that behaves more like a map reference than a rushing current.

โ€œIf you look up the โ€˜problem of timeโ€™ online, youโ€™ll find various definitions,โ€ says Jim Al-Khalili, Emeritus Professor of Physics at the University of Surrey and author of On Time. โ€œBut it really boils down to four distinct problems: Does time flow? How do we reconcile quantum mechanics with relativity? What is special about โ€˜nowโ€™? And where does the direction of time come from?โ€

In an age where we can synchronize atomic clocks to the billionth of a second, the fact that we still donโ€™t know what time is remains the deepest mystery in science.

Manifest vs. Physical Time: The Dentist and the Party

The first hurdle in understanding time is separating our internal experience from external reality. Al-Khalili uses the term โ€œmanifest timeโ€โ€”a concept popularized by philosopher Craig Callenderโ€”to describe time as we perceive it.

Weโ€™ve all experienced the elasticity of manifest time. When you are five years old, the year between birthdays feels like an eternity because it represents a massive percentage of your total life experience. By fifty, years go by in a flash. Conversely, on a shorter scale, thirty minutes in a dentistโ€™s waiting room with no phone can feel like hours, while thirty minutes at a lively party vanishes in an instant.

โ€œAt the party, youโ€™re laying down new experiences, chatting, and taking in sensory input,โ€ Al-Khalili explains. โ€œYet that time goes by much more quickly than the time that drags when youโ€™re bored.โ€

While our brains stretch and compress time based on emotion and memory, physics suggests a much more rigid structure. For centuries, following Isaac Newton, we believed in โ€œAbsolute Timeโ€โ€”a cosmic clock ticking away at a constant rate regardless of what was happening in the universe. But in 1905, Albert Einstein shattered that clock forever.

The Relativistโ€™s Clock: Why Your Head is Older Than Your Feet

Einsteinโ€™s Special Theory of Relativity revealed that time is not a universal constant; it is relative to the observer. If you travel close to the speed of light, your clock slows down relative to someone standing still.

This isnโ€™t just a mathematical quirk; itโ€™s a physical reality proven by subatomic particles called muons. Created in the upper atmosphere, muons have a lifespan of only a fraction of a secondโ€”too short to reach the ground. Yet, because they travel at near-light speeds, their internal clocks slow down (time dilation), allowing them to survive long enough to be detected at Earthโ€™s surface.

Einsteinโ€™s General Theory of Relativity added another layer: gravity also slows time. โ€œEveryone who uses a smartphone or Google Maps is making use of the fact that time runs at different rates,โ€ says Al-Khalili. GPS satellites are further from Earthโ€™s gravity, meaning their clocks tick slightly faster than those on the ground. To keep your navigation accurate, engineers must manually slow down the satellite clocks to stay in sync with Earth.

The implication is startling: because gravity is stronger closer to the Earthโ€™s center, your feet are technically younger than your head. The difference is infinitesimal, but it is real.

The Block Universe and the Illusion of โ€œNowโ€

If time is relative, then the idea of a universal โ€œNowโ€ becomes impossible. If two stars explode at the same time from your perspective, an observer zooming past in a rocket might see one happen long before the other. Neither is wrong.

This leads many physicists to the โ€œBlock Universeโ€ theory. Imagine the universe as a giant loaf of bread. Each slice represents a moment in time. In this view, the past, present, and future all exist simultaneously. Your birth is at one end of the loaf, and your death is at the other; both are equally โ€œrealโ€ and eternally present within the four-dimensional structure of space-time.

โ€œThis idea is called Eternalism,โ€ says Al-Khalili. โ€œAll times coexist. Our consciousness is simply drifting along a โ€˜world lineโ€™ through this block.โ€

This raises a troubling question about free will. If the future is already โ€œthere,โ€ waiting for us like a pre-recorded movie, do we actually have a choice in our actions? Al-Khalili describes himself as a โ€œcompatibilist.โ€ Even if the universe is deterministic and the future is set, the fact that we can never predict it from within the system gives us a functional version of free will. โ€œIโ€™m making free choices, and thatโ€™s good enough,โ€ he remarks.

The Quantum Vanishing Act

The โ€œproblem of timeโ€ reaches its peak when we try to merge the physics of the very large (Relativity) with the physics of the very small (Quantum Mechanics).

In the 1960s, physicists John Wheeler and Bryce DeWitt attempted to write a quantum equation for the entire universe. The result, known as the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, had a shocking feature: the variable for time (t) vanished completely. The equation describes a universe that simply is, without any reference to change or duration.

This has led some to suggest that time is an โ€œemergent property,โ€ much like the โ€œwetnessโ€ of water. You canโ€™t find โ€œwetnessโ€ in a single H2O molecule; it only emerges when trillions of molecules interact. Similarly, time might not exist at the most fundamental level of reality, only emerging when we zoom out to the macroscopic world.

The Arrow of Time: Why We Canโ€™t Un-Spill Milk

If the fundamental laws of physics are โ€œtime-symmetricโ€โ€”meaning they work just as well backward as forwardโ€”why does the real world only move in one direction? Why do batteries die, buildings crumble, and people age, but never the reverse?

This is the โ€œArrow of Time,โ€ usually attributed to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: entropy (disorder) always increases. A shuffled deck of cards will never spontaneously un-shuffle itself.

However, Al-Khalili points to a more modern explanation: Quantum Decoherence. In the quantum world, particles are โ€œentangledโ€ with their surroundings. As a system interacts with its environment, its โ€œquantum-nessโ€ leaks out and becomes irreversibly lost.

โ€œDecoherence is regarded as the one truly irreversible process in nature,โ€ Al-Khalili argues. โ€œI would argue that the arrow of time is baked into realityโ€ฆ due to quantum entanglement and decoherence increasing all the time.โ€

Conclusion: Is Time Real?

While some philosophers and physicists argue that time is a stubborn illusion, Jim Al-Khalili leans toward its reality. If the direction of time is built into the way quantum particles interact with the world, then time itself must have a foundation.

We may be trapped within the river, unable to step onto the bank and view the flow objectively, but that doesnโ€™t make the water any less real. Whether time is a fundamental dimension of a frozen block universe or an emergent property of quantum entanglement, it remains the stage upon which the entire drama of existence is played out.

As Al-Khalili notes, we may never fully extract ourselves from time to see its true face, but by studying the way the universe ticks, we come closer to understanding our place within the โ€œever-changing present.โ€


Based on โ€œ667. Hereโ€™s Why You Are Constantly Fighting Off Scammers | Freakonomics Radioโ€ from Freakonomics Radio Network Watch the original video

The Billion-Dollar Meat Grinder: Inside the Global Scam Industry

In January, Chen Xi, a 38-year-old Chinese-born entrepreneur, was arrested in Cambodia and extradited to China. On the surface, Chen was the picture of success: one of the wealthiest men in Cambodia, a high-level government adviser, and the head of a massive real estate development firm. But beneath the veneer of legitimate business lay a darker reality. The U.S. government designated his holding company a transnational criminal organization, charging him with fraud and money laundering while seizing a staggering $15 billion in cryptocurrency.

Where did that money come from? According to U.S. prosecutors, Chen was a kingpin of โ€œpig butcheringโ€โ€”a chillingly descriptive term for a scam where victims are โ€œfattened upโ€ with months of romantic or friendly attention before being โ€œslaughteredโ€ for their life savings.

This isnโ€™t just a series of isolated crimes; it is a sophisticated, multi-billion-dollar global industry. In Cambodia alone, cybercrime is estimated to generate $19 billion annuallyโ€”roughly half of the countryโ€™s GDP. In 2024, scammers in Southeast Asia stole an estimated $10 billion from Americans. To understand why your phone is buzzing with โ€œwrong numberโ€ texts and your inbox is flooded with suspicious offers, you have to understand the brutal efficiency of the modern scam economy.

The Anatomy of an Industry

We often imagine scammers as lone hackers in dark basements. The reality is far more corporate. Modern scam operations, particularly those in Southeast Asia, function like Fortune 500 companies. They have HR departments, legal teams, marketing experts, and strict performance quotas for their โ€œemployees.โ€

Disturbingly, many of the people sending those messages are victims themselves. โ€œThousands of workers fled [Chenโ€™s compounds] after his arrest,โ€ notes the Freakonomics Radio team. โ€œThey had reportedly been trafficked to Cambodia and were being held against their will.โ€ These captives are forced to run โ€œboiler rooms,โ€ engaging in โ€œAB testingโ€ on scam scripts to see which emotional triggers result in the highest payout.

โ€œIt is absolutely an industry,โ€ says Marty De Lima, a gerontologist at the University of Minnesota who studies the impact of fraud. โ€œA very complex, always evolving, very competitive industry.โ€

The Myth of the Vulnerable Senior

There is a persistent myth that scams primarily target the elderly and the technologically illiterate. While older adults do lose more money per incidentโ€”the median loss for those over 80 is $1,400 compared to $500 for those under 50โ€”they are not the only targets.

โ€œItโ€™s a myth that older adults are more trusting or lack sophistication,โ€ De Lima explains. โ€œData shows that middle-aged adults report victimization at the highest frequency.โ€

The type of scam often dictates the demographic:

  • Younger People: More likely to fall for fake job opportunities and online shopping scams.
  • Middle-Aged Men: Frequently targeted for investment and cryptocurrency fraud.
  • Older Adults: More susceptible to tech support and lottery scams.

The psychological toll is universal. De Lima describes scamming as โ€œbetrayal trauma.โ€ The loss of self-efficacy and the shattering of oneโ€™s worldview often lead to a sense of hopelessness so deep that it can result in suicideโ€”a connection that is tragically underreported.

Why Do Scams Look So Obvious?

Weโ€™ve all seen them: the โ€œNigerian Princeโ€ who needs help moving an inheritance, or the email from a stranger offering a free Yamaha baby grand piano. To a discerning eye, these look like amateur hour. But there is a cold, economic logic to the typos and the far-fetched premises.

In a 2012 paper, Microsoft researcher Cormac Hurley asked: Why do Nigerian scammers say they are from Nigeria? The answer is filtering. Scammers donโ€™t want to waste time on people who are skeptical. By using a premise that is obviously a scam, they ensure that only the most gullible individualsโ€”those most likely to actually transfer moneyโ€”respond. Itโ€™s a way to increase their โ€œconversion rateโ€ while minimizing the labor cost of chasing โ€œleadsโ€ that wonโ€™t pay out.

However, as AI enters the fray, this โ€œobviousโ€ phase is ending. โ€œIf you can have your AI do the next step of following up with semi-interested people, thatโ€™s not very costly,โ€ says De Lima. Scams are becoming more tailored, more professional, and harder to spot.

The Psychology of the Con: System 1 vs. System 2

Scammers are masters of human psychology, specifically the dual-process theory of the mind. Our brains operate in two modes: System 1 (fast, intuitive, emotional) and System 2 (slow, analytical, logical).

A scammerโ€™s goal is to shut down your System 2. They do this through โ€œemotional arousal,โ€ which can take two forms:

  1. High Positive Arousal: The promise of a windfall, a romantic connection, or a โ€œground floorโ€ investment opportunity. This exploits our desires and greed.
  2. High Negative Arousal: The threat of arrest, a โ€œseizedโ€ bank account, or a kidnapped relative. This exploits our fear.

When we are in a state of high emotion, we rely on โ€œheuristicsโ€โ€”mental shortcuts. We trust a voice because it sounds like a loved one (often via AI voice cloning), or we comply because a caller ID says โ€œBank of America.โ€

โ€œCriminals will do anything they can to shut off our analytical processing,โ€ De Lima says. โ€œThey want us to go straight to those shortcuts and comply.โ€

The AI Arms Race and the Myth of Privacy

We are entering a new era of fraud where โ€œcommon senseโ€ advice is becoming obsolete. Previously, experts told consumers to look for spelling errors or to ask for a video call. Today, AI can generate perfect prose and โ€œdeepfakeโ€ a video call in real-time.

One of the most sophisticated modern tactics involves exploiting the bureaucracy of legitimate institutions. A scammer might send a text pretending to be your bank, asking if you authorized a purchase. When you donโ€™t click the link (as a โ€œwiseโ€ consumer shouldnโ€™t) and instead call the bankโ€™s real number, you might be put on hold. Scammers know this. They wait 30 minutes and call you back, faking the caller ID to look like the bank. Because you just tried to call them, your guard is down.

โ€œPrivacy is a myth,โ€ warns De Lima. โ€œOur information is out there and available to the highest bidder. Criminals know our names, Social Security numbers, addresses, and motherโ€™s maiden names.โ€

Who is Responsible?

As the scale of fraud reaches hundreds of billions of dollars, the question of accountability has shifted from the scammers to the platforms that enable them.

Katie Daffen, a former Assistant Director at the FTC, notes that the commission is increasingly going after โ€œfacilitators.โ€ One example is the payment processor Paddle, which was charged with allowing scammers access to the credit card system despite internal warnings.

But the biggest elephant in the room is Big Tech. Leaked documents from Meta (the parent company of Facebook and Instagram) reportedly suggested that a significant portion of the companyโ€™s revenue comes from ads for scams. While Meta claims they โ€œaggressively fight scamsโ€ and took down nearly 11 million accounts last year, critics argue they arenโ€™t doing enough.

โ€œThe technical capacity of these companies to identify and flag scams is there,โ€ says De Lima. โ€œTheyโ€™re making a calculated choice.โ€

The Erosion of Social Trust

Perhaps the most insidious cost of the scam industry isnโ€™t financialโ€”itโ€™s the erosion of social trust. When every phone call is a potential threat and every email is a โ€œpig butcherโ€ in disguise, the fabric of human connection begins to fray.

Social trust in the U.S. has declined sharply over the last 40 years, and the constant barrage of fraud is a primary driver. We have become a society that refuses to answer the phone. Marty De Lima admits that even she, an expert in the field, recently missed a legitimate mandatory cybersecurity training because the email looked too much like a scam.

โ€œThis is the world that weโ€™re now in,โ€ she says.

To protect yourself, the advice is simple but cynical: treat every unsolicited communication as a lie. Independently validate every claim. Donโ€™t use the phone numbers provided in messages; find them yourself. In the age of the billion-dollar meat grinder, the only way to avoid being โ€œslaughteredโ€ is to never let yourself be โ€œfattened upโ€ in the first place.


Based on โ€œDylan Patel โ€” The Single Biggest Bottleneck to Scaling AI Computeโ€ from Dwarkesh Patel Watch the original video

The Trillion-Dollar Silicon Ceiling: Inside the High-Stakes Race for AI Compute

In the quiet corridors of Silicon Valley and the sprawling industrial parks of Taiwan and the Netherlands, a number is being whispered that would have seemed like science fiction only two years ago: one trillion dollars.

That is the approximate scale of the capital expenditure (CapEx) currently being funneled into the global AI supply chain. The โ€œBig Fourโ€โ€”Amazon, Meta, Google, and Microsoftโ€”have forecasted a combined CapEx of roughly $600 billion this year alone. When you add the frantic fundraising of AI labs like OpenAI (recently raising $110 billion) and Anthropic ($30 billion), the financial gravity of the AI revolution begins to warp the entire global economy.

But as Dylan Patel, Chief Analyst at SemiAnalysis, explains, this isnโ€™t just a story about money. Itโ€™s a story about physical limits, โ€œcommitment issuesโ€ in the C-suite, and a tiny, specialized machine in the Netherlands that may ultimately decide the speed at which we reach Artificial General Intelligence (AGI).

The Gigawatt War: OpenAI vs. Anthropic

The most visible front of this war is being fought between the two leading AI labs: OpenAI and Anthropic. The divergence in their strategies is stark.

According to Patel, OpenAI has adopted a โ€œYOLOโ€ approach to compute. Early on, Sam Altmanโ€™s firm signed massive, long-term contracts for data centers and GPUs with Microsoft, Oracle, CoreWeave, and even SoftBank Energy. At the time, critics thought OpenAI was overextending, potentially risking bankruptcy if their revenue didnโ€™t materialize.

Anthropic, led by Dario Amodei, took the opposite path. โ€œDario was very conservative,โ€ Patel notes. โ€œHe didnโ€™t want to go crazy on compute because if revenue inflected at a different rateโ€ฆ he didnโ€™t want to go bankrupt.โ€

This conservatism may have backfired. As AI revenue began to โ€œmoon,โ€ Anthropic found itself compute-constrained. To keep up with demand for models like Claude 3.5 Opus and Sonnet, Anthropic is now forced to acquire โ€œlast-minuteโ€ compute at a premium. While OpenAI locked in H100 GPUs at lower rates years ago, Anthropic is navigating a market where spot prices can reach $2.40 per hour for a chip that costs roughly $1.40 to operate.

โ€œOpenAI has way more access to compute than Anthropic by the end of the year,โ€ Patel says. The result? Anthropic is having to turn to โ€œneocloudsโ€ and secondary providers, paying higher margins and navigating data center delays just to stay in the race.

The Alchian-Allen Effect: Why High Costs Favor Great Models

One of the most counterintuitive aspects of the current AI boom is that older GPUs are actually increasing in value. Usually, tech depreciates faster than a new car driven off the lot. But in the age of scarcity, an H100 is worth more today than it was three years ago.

Patel points to the Alchian-Allen Effect to explain the marketโ€™s behavior. In economics, this theorem suggests that if you add a fixed cost (like a high price for compute) to two goods of different quality, people will shift their consumption toward the higher-quality good.

โ€œIf a Hopper GPU went from $2 to $3 an hour, the price differential between running a โ€˜mediumโ€™ model and a โ€˜greatโ€™ model shrinks,โ€ Patel explains. โ€œThe calculus is: Iโ€™m paying all this money for the compute anyway; I might as well pay slightly more to make sure itโ€™s the very best model.โ€

This effect is driving all the revenue toward the โ€œfrontierโ€ models. It also means that companies that signed five-year contracts years ago have locked in a massive competitive advantage. They are running the worldโ€™s most valuable software on โ€œcheapโ€ historical silicon, while newcomers are paying โ€œAGI-pilledโ€ prices for the same hardware.

The Hidden Bottlenecks: From Turbines to Tin Droplets

While the world focuses on chips, the real bottlenecks are often more mundaneโ€”and much harder to solve.

Google, for instance, recently โ€œwoke upโ€ to the scale of the challenge. After seeing their Gemini revenue skyrocket to a $5 billion annual run rate in just months, the company shifted into overdrive. They arenโ€™t just buying chips; they are putting down deposits on power turbines for 2028 and 2029, securing power purchasing agreements (PPAs), and buying up land with existing electrical grid access.

But even if you have the land and the power, you still need the silicon. And the silicon supply chain is hitting a physical wall.

To understand the scale, Patel breaks down the โ€œmath of a gigawatt.โ€ To build one gigawatt of data center capacity using Nvidiaโ€™s upcoming โ€œRubinโ€ chips, you need:

  • 55,000 wafers of 3nm logic.
  • 170,000 wafers of DRAM memory.
  • Millions of โ€œEUV passes.โ€

This leads to the ultimate gatekeeper of the AI era: ASML.

ASML: The 13.5-Nanometer Bottleneck

ASML, a Dutch company, is the only firm in the world capable of making Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lithography machines. These machines, which cost upwards of $400 million each, are the most complex devices ever built by humans.

The process is mind-boggling: inside the machine, a laser hits a droplet of molten tin twice. The first hit shapes the droplet; the second blasts it into a plasma that releases EUV light at a wavelength of 13.5 nanometers. This light is then reflected by the worldโ€™s flattest mirrors (made by Zeiss) to โ€œprintโ€ circuits onto silicon.

โ€œASML can make about 70 of these tools this year,โ€ Patel says. โ€œEven under very aggressive expansion, they only get to a little over 100 by the end of the decade.โ€

If Sam Altman wants to bring a gigawatt of compute online every week by 2030, he would need to secure roughly 25% of the entire global output of EUV machines. This is a tall order when Apple, Intel, and the mobile phone industry also need those same machines to survive.

The โ€œAGI-Pilledโ€ Gap

The strangest part of this trillion-dollar scramble is the disconnect between the buyers and the builders.

The AI labs (OpenAI, Anthropic, DeepMind) are โ€œAGI-pilledโ€โ€”they believe they are years, not decades, away from models that can automate most human cognitive labor. If they are right, a GPU isnโ€™t just a chip; itโ€™s a โ€œworkerโ€ that can repay its own cost in a matter of months.

However, the companies that actually make the machinesโ€”ASML, TSMC, and the memory vendorsโ€”remain skeptical. They have lived through decades of โ€œboom and bustโ€ cycles in the semiconductor industry. They are hesitant to build $20 billion fabs that might sit empty if the AI bubble bursts.

โ€œConstantly, weโ€™re told our numbers are way too high,โ€ Patel says of his firmโ€™s projections. โ€œAnd then when theyโ€™re right, they say, โ€˜Okay, but your next yearโ€™s numbers are definitely too high.โ€™โ€

This skepticism is the ultimate bottleneck. If the labs are right about the proximity of AGI, the world is drastically under-investing in the machinery required to build it. We are attempting to launch a digital god using a supply chain that is still worried about next yearโ€™s smartphone sales.

As we approach 2030, the race for AI wonโ€™t just be about who has the best code. It will be about who had the foresight to put a deposit on a tin-blasting laser in the Netherlands five years ago. In the trillion-dollar silicon war, the winners are those who realize that in a world of infinite software, the only thing that matters is the finite machine.


Based on โ€œUnder Secretary of War on Iran, Anthropic and the AI Battle Inside the Pentagon | The a16z Showโ€ from a16z Watch the original video

Wartime Speed: Inside the Pentagonโ€™s High-Stakes Race to Reclaim the AI Edge

In the quiet corridors of the Pentagon, a fundamental shift is occurring. For decades, the building operated at what insiders call โ€œpeacetime speedโ€โ€”a lethargic rhythm of bureaucratic red tape, thousand-page requirement documents, and a handful of massive defense contractors. But according to the Departmentโ€™s Chief Technology Officer, those days are over. The United States is currently facing the largest military buildup in human history, and the battlefield is no longer just about steel and gunpowder; itโ€™s about silicon and software.

In a recent candid discussion on The a16z Show, the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (often referred to as the Pentagonโ€™s CTO) laid out a bracing vision for the future of American Dynamism. From the โ€œholy cowโ€ moments involving commercial AI models to the chilling reality of vendor lock-in during active military operations, the message was clear: The Pentagon must adopt Silicon Valleyโ€™s โ€œwartimeโ€ urgency, or risk falling behind an adversary that isnโ€™t waiting for a committeeโ€™s approval.

The Ghost of the โ€œLast Supperโ€

To understand why the Pentagon is struggling to modernize, one must look back to the early 1990sโ€”a period the Under Secretary identifies as the beginning of the โ€œpeacetime speedโ€ era. Following the Cold War, the Department of Defense held a famous meeting known as โ€œThe Last Supper.โ€ Military leaders told industry giants that the era of massive procurement and rapid innovation was over. They encouraged consolidation, telling companies to become dividend-payers and stock-buybackers rather than disruptors.

The result was a defense industrial base that shrank from dozens of competitors to just four or five โ€œprimes.โ€ While the U.S. rested on its laurels, China began a massive military expansion in the mid-2000s. โ€œWeโ€™ve outsourced a lot of our key domestic productionโ€”critical minerals, batteries, supply chain components,โ€ the Under Secretary warned. โ€œWe looked up and realized we have a lot of catching up to do.โ€

From 14 Priorities to 6: The Radical Simplification

When the Under Secretary took office, he found a department spread too thin, buried under 14 โ€œcriticalโ€ priority areas that hadnโ€™t changed in a decade. โ€œWho can remember 14 things when youโ€™re trying to motivate a workforce?โ€ he asked.

In a move reminiscent of a Silicon Valley turnaround, he slashed the list to six. At the absolute top of that list: Applied AI.

The goal isnโ€™t just to build โ€œkiller robots,โ€ but to integrate AI as a โ€œsubstrateโ€โ€”a layer of intelligence that touches every facet of the military. He categorizes the AI mission into three distinct buckets:

  1. Enterprise Efficiency: Automating mundane administrative tasks for the departmentโ€™s 3 million employees.
  2. Intelligence Augmentation: Using AI to sift through decades of siloed satellite imagery and data. โ€œYou take a human analyst and you increase their throughput by a thousand,โ€ he explained.
  3. Warfighting & Logistics: Using models to solve complex physics problems, plan fuel-efficient troop movements in contested environments, and run millions of combat simulations.

The results of this focus have been immediate. In just 90 days, the number of Department personnel using some form of AI jumped from 80,000 to over 1.2 million.

The โ€œHoly Cowโ€ Moment: The Conflict of Constitutions

The most provocative part of the discussion centered on the Pentagonโ€™s relationship with โ€œFrontierโ€ AI companies like Anthropic and OpenAI. In the past, software was a tool the military bought and owned. Today, AI is often provided as a service with โ€œTerms of Serviceโ€ and โ€œCorporate Constitutions.โ€

The Under Secretary described a โ€œholy cowโ€ moment when reviewing contracts inherited from previous administrations. He discovered dozens of restrictions baked into the software. In theory, these commercial modelsโ€”integrated into the most sensitive combat commandsโ€”could be โ€œturned offโ€ by the vendor if an operation violated a companyโ€™s internal ethical guidelines.

โ€œThe softwareโ€™s โ€˜soulโ€™ or โ€˜constitutionโ€™โ€”which is not the U.S. Constitutionโ€”cannot be dictating our command and control environment,โ€ he argued. โ€œWe cannot have a situation where a model could just stop in the middle of an operation and put lives at risk because a vendor decided it didnโ€™t like how the tool was being used.โ€

This tension became visceral following the Maduro raid, a highly successful military operation. A senior executive from a primary AI vendor reportedly questioned whether their software was used during the raid, expressing hesitation about its involvement.

โ€œWhen a company says, โ€˜Hey, was our software used there because weโ€™re not sure weโ€™d like that,โ€™ a chill goes up your spine,โ€ the Under Secretary said. โ€œItโ€™s like a stranger saying they saw your kid at school. You realize you are โ€˜single-threadedโ€™ on a vendor whose values might not align with national security.โ€

The โ€œElon Modelโ€ and the Regulatory Moses

To fix this, the Pentagon is attempting to โ€œmove the debrisโ€ of bureaucracy. The Under Secretary is pushing for a shift from โ€œCost-Plusโ€ contractsโ€”which reward companies for taking longer and spending moreโ€”to โ€œFirm-Fixed-Priceโ€ contracts.

He calls this the โ€œElon Model,โ€ citing SpaceXโ€™s success. Instead of a thousand-page Request for Proposal (RFP) that dictates exactly how to build a bolt, the Pentagon is moving toward simple requirements: I need a missile that goes this far, in this environment, with this payload. You figure out how to build it.

This shift is designed to open the door for startups. However, the Under Secretary issued a challenge to the โ€œAmerican Dynamismโ€ movement: Innovation isnโ€™t enough. Startups must learn the โ€œold worldโ€ muscle of mass production. โ€œThe primes have an advantage in manufacturing at scale. Startups need to build the factories, the quality testing, and the supply chains to cross that chasm.โ€

A Call to Service

The Under Secretaryโ€™s journey to the Pentagon wasnโ€™t a traditional one. A successful tech executive and immigrant whose first language was Arabic, he felt a pull toward public service after selling his company, Tellme Networks, to Microsoft.

He views the current moment as a โ€œgalvanizingโ€ one for the tech industry, similar to the 2018 โ€œProject Mavenโ€ controversy at Google. While that moment saw some employees protest military contracts, it also birthed a new generation of patriotic founders who want to ensure the U.S. maintains its technological edge.

โ€œOur system doesnโ€™t come for free,โ€ he concluded. โ€œWe need builders, people who care, and people who are willing to sacrifice. We need patriots to come and do these things every now and again because industry has the best brains, but the country needs those brains to protect our way of life.โ€

As the AI battle inside the Pentagon intensifies, the goal remains singular: ensuring that when the next โ€œwartimeโ€ moment arrives, the United States is moving at the speed of the future, not the pace of the past.


Based on โ€œLouise Erdrich on Her New Story Collection and the Mystery of Writingโ€ from New York Times Podcasts Watch the original video

The Art of the Army Crawl: Louise Erdrich on the Mystery of the Written Word

In the world of contemporary American literature, few figures loom as large or as prolific as Louise Erdrich. Since her 1984 debut Love Medicine, she has navigated nearly every corner of the literary landscape, from haunting poetry to National Book Award-winning fiction. Yet, despite her decades of acclaim and a Pulitzer Prize to her name, Erdrich remains a writer who views her own process not as a masterclass in control, but as a slow, often bewildering โ€œarmy crawlโ€ through the undergrowth of her own imagination.

In a recent conversation with Gilbert Cruz on the New York Times Book Review podcast, Erdrich peeled back the curtain on her latest collection, Pythonโ€™s Kiss, and shared the idiosyncratic, often physical ways she brings her stories to life.

The Eight-Year Short Story

Perhaps the most striking revelation of Erdrichโ€™s process is the sheer timeline of her shorter works. One story in the new collection, โ€œThe Love of My Days,โ€ is a mere ten pages long, yet it took eight years to complete. For Erdrich, this isnโ€™t a matter of writerโ€™s block, but of a quiet, persistent gestation.

โ€œI have a set of words just randomly pop up,โ€ she explains. โ€œI keep notebooks. I write something down, and sometimes something keeps going for a while, but it always fizzles out.โ€ She describes these fragments as โ€œnuggetsโ€ that occasionally lose their energy and are tucked awayโ€”sometimes for yearsโ€”only to resurface when the writer herself has changed.

She describes the completion of these stories not as a sprint, but as a slow movement across a landscape. โ€œIt just crept alongโ€ฆ army crawled along the forest floor somehow until it got to the end.โ€ This patience isnโ€™t a disciplined choice, she insists, but a byproduct of her own curiosity. She writes to amuse herself, returning to a draft only when a single line or paragraph hooks her back into the narrativeโ€™s world.

When the Story โ€œAnnounces Itselfโ€

One of the eternal questions for any multi-genre writer is how to decide whether an idea belongs in a poem, a childrenโ€™s book, or a sprawling novel. For Erdrich, the decision is rarely hers to make.

โ€œIt announces itself,โ€ she says. โ€œI donโ€™t have a way of changing it if itโ€™s not going to be what it wants to be.โ€ If a narrative refuses to stop, it becomes a novel; if it evolves toward a resolution within twenty pages, it remains a story. This lack of authorial ego is central to her philosophy. She views writing as a process that happens outside of her conscious willโ€”a necessity for someone who describes herself as โ€œnot a very in control personโ€ in her daily life.

Writing, for Erdrich, is her primary mode of processing the world. It began in the fifth grade as a way to handle being โ€œoverwhelmedโ€ by the ending of the original Planet of the Apes. Growing up in North Dakotaโ€”a state she describes as a โ€œnational sacrifice areaโ€ due to its hundreds of underground ICBM silosโ€”the filmโ€™s nuclear subtext resonated with a terrifying clarity. That early anxiety fueled a lifelong habit of keeping diaries, which she admits began as โ€œcries of woeโ€ before evolving into the rich repositories of detail that now inform her fiction.

The Physicality of the Page

While many imagine a writerโ€™s work as a purely intellectual exercise, Erdrichโ€™s method is surprisingly physical. When she finds herself โ€œoffโ€ or stuck, she literally takes to the floor.

โ€œI have to throw everything on the floorโ€”all these notebooks, these crazy notesโ€”and I have to crawl through them and put them in order,โ€ she says. This โ€œphysicalizing of the intellectual actโ€ allows her to see the architecture of a story in a way a computer screen cannot provide. It is a humble image: one of our greatest living writers on her hands and knees, sorting through scraps of paper to find the missing beginning of a tale.

This humility extends to her view of her own successes. When The Night Watchmanโ€”a novel based on her grandfatherโ€™s fight against Native American termination policiesโ€”won the Pulitzer Prize, Erdrich famously remarked that the award didnโ€™t go to her, but to the book and her grandfather. As she has aged, she says her ego has retreated, allowing her to embrace a โ€œsimplicityโ€ in her storytelling that she lacked in her earlier, more self-conscious years.

A Life Built on Letters

Erdrichโ€™s literary DNA is rooted in a family of prolific letter writers. Her father would write long, exaggerated letters about the mundaneโ€”turning her motherโ€™s canning hobby into a tall tale about canning toads and slugs. He even undertook a project to write a limerick for every single town in North Dakota.

This tradition of written connection shaped Erdrichโ€™s understanding of character and voice. Her grandfatherโ€™s letters from his time as tribal chairman for the Turtle Mountain Chippewa became the foundational โ€œpersonalityโ€ for the protagonist of The Night Watchman. For Erdrich, the archive of family letters is more than just a memory; it is a โ€œtreasureโ€ that proves the power of the written word to preserve a soul.

The Evolution of the Indigenous Voice

Beyond her own writing, Erdrich is a fierce advocate for other authors. Since 2001, she has owned Birchbark Books, an independent bookstore in Minneapolis. In the twenty-five years since its opening, she has witnessed a tectonic shift in the literary landscape.

โ€œWhen I first started, there was only one set of shelves that had any Native titles on them,โ€ she recalls. โ€œAnd they were mostly by non-Native authors about Native people.โ€ Today, the store could be filled entirely with Indigenous voices. She points to the โ€œexplosionโ€ of Native writing as a fulfillment of a prophecy: that once writers from different tribes began to tell their unique stories, the world would realize the vast, diverse richness of the Indigenous experience.

When asked for recommendations, she points to James Welchโ€™s 1974 novel Winter in the Blood, calling it a โ€œbeautiful, bleak, short, funny, intensely personal bookโ€ that she returns to repeatedly.

The Mystery of the โ€œOther Worldโ€

Despite her immense body of work, Erdrich maintains that the act of creation remains a mystery to herโ€”and she prefers it that way. She often looks back at her own handwriting in old notebooks and feels a sense of detachment, as if the words were written by someone else.

โ€œIโ€™m, in my real life, a boring person,โ€ she claims with a laugh. โ€œI donโ€™t really have a magical personality, but the stories write themselves.โ€ She believes that while research and thought are essential, there is a piece of art that belongs to โ€œsome other world, some other entity.โ€

As the interview concluded, Erdrich offered a glimpse into her current reading habits, which range from the ancient and meditative (Sei Shลnagonโ€™s The Pillow Book for insomnia) to the provocatively modern. On her shelf currently sits a book titled Make the Golf Course a Public Sex Forestโ€”a compendium of essays regarding a local Minneapolis land-use controversy.

It is this blend of the high-brow and the earthy, the historical and the speculative, the Pulitzer-winning and the โ€œarmy-crawlingโ€ that defines Louise Erdrich. She remains a writer who is less interested in being a โ€œliterary figureโ€ than she is in following the mystery of the next sentence, wherever it might lead her on the forest floor.


ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด

โ€œThe deep mystery physicists call โ€œthe problem of timeโ€ | Jim Al-Khalili: Full Interviewโ€ โ€” Big Think ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ณธ ์˜์ƒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ

[์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ฆฌํฌํŠธ] ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ํ๋ฅด๋Š”๊ฐ€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ด ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ โ€˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œโ€™

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด์ œ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ”๊ณ , ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ํ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ด์ผ์€ ์•„์ง ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ์ •์ ์— ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กญ๊ณ  ๋‹นํ˜น์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์˜๊ตญ ์„œ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต(University of Surrey)์˜ ์ด๋ก  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ช…์˜ˆ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ด์ž ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ดํ„ฐ์ธ ์ง ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ(Jim Al-Khalili)๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ **โ€˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ(The Problem of Time)โ€˜**๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ €์„œ ใ€Ž์˜จ ํƒ€์ž„(On Time)ใ€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋’คํ”๋“œ๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


1. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋А๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ดด๋ฆฌ

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ”ํžˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด โ€˜ํ๋ฅธ๋‹คโ€™๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•ˆ์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋งค๋ชฐ๋˜์–ด(Embedded) ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์™€ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ **โ€˜ํ˜„์ƒ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ„(Manifest Time)โ€˜**๊ณผ **โ€˜๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ„(Physical Time)โ€˜**์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ํ˜„์ƒ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ„: ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์น˜๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์‹ค์—์„œ์˜ 30๋ถ„์€ ์˜๊ฒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋А๊ปด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ํŒŒํ‹ฐ์—์„œ์˜ 30๋ถ„์€ ๋ˆˆ ๊นœ์งํ•  ์ƒˆ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋А๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ„: ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ฒ•์น™ ์†์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ์†์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„($t$)์€ ๊ทธ์ € ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ขŒํ‘œ๋‚˜ ์ˆซ์ž์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด โ€˜ํ๋ฅธ๋‹คโ€™๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…๋„, โ€˜๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•œ๋‹คโ€™๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2. ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์ด ๋ถ€์ˆœ โ€˜์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ์‹œ๊ณ„โ€™์˜ ํ™˜์ƒ

์•„์ด์ž‘ ๋‰ดํ„ด(Isaac Newton)์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜‘๋”ฑ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” โ€˜์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ์‹œ๊ณ„โ€™๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ(Albert Einstein)์€ ์ด ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ์‚ฐ์‚ฐ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

**ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ ์ด๋ก (Special Theory of Relativity)**์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •ํ•ด๋„ ์ผ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์›์น™์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„  ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž์˜ ์†๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์—ฐ(Time Dilation) ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ถŒ ์ƒ์ธต๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฎค์˜จ(Muon) ์ž…์ž๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์งง์•„ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋น›์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์†๋„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋А๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ๋ฅธ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ง€์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

**์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ ์ด๋ก (General Theory of Relativity)**์€ ํ•œ ๋ฐœ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๋” ๋А๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์— ๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” GPS ์œ„์„ฑ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง€์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋‚ด๋น„๊ฒŒ์ด์…˜์˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋Š” ๊ฑท์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ์ปค์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋Š™๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


3. โ€˜๋ธ”๋ก ์šฐ์ฃผโ€™์™€ ์ž์œ  ์˜์ง€์˜ ์—ญ์„ค

์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ธ ์ฐจ์›๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ **โ€˜4์ฐจ์› ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„(4-dimensional Spacetime)โ€˜**์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฅผ โ€˜๋ธ”๋ก ์šฐ์ฃผ(Block Universe)โ€™ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ์ฑ„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ **์˜์›์ฃผ์˜(Eternalism)**๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ โ€˜์ง€๊ธˆโ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋А๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์€ ์˜ํ™” ํ•„๋ฆ„์˜ ํ•œ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ „์ฒด ํ•„๋ฆ„์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ โ€˜์ž์œ  ์˜์ง€โ€™๋Š” ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ธ”๋ก ์šฐ์ฃผ ์•ˆ์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋‚˜์˜ ์„ ํƒ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด **์–‘๋ฆฝ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ๋ก (Compatibilism)**์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฒ ํ•™์  ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ น ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ก ์ (Deterministic)์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์„ ํƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


4. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด โ€˜์ฐฝ๋ฐœโ€™๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?

๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ž ์—ญํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ **ํœ ๋Ÿฌ-๋“œ์œ— ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹(Wheeler-DeWitt Equation)**์€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์—๋Š” โ€˜์‹œ๊ฐ„โ€™ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„์˜ˆ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด **โ€˜์ฐฝ๋ฐœ์  ์†์„ฑ(Emergent Property)โ€˜**์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์•ฝํ•œ ์ฐฝ๋ฐœ(Weak Emergence): ๋ฌผ ๋ถ„์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜์—๋Š” โ€˜์ –์Œโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์†์„ฑ์ด ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ์ด๋ฉด โ€˜์ –์Œโ€™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ฐฝ๋ฐœ(Strong Emergence): ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” โ€˜์˜์‹โ€™์ด ๋‡Œ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ญ์‹œ ์–‘์ž ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ผ ๋ฟ, ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


5. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™”์‚ด: ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์™€ ์–‘์ž ์–ฝํž˜

๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ฒ•์น™์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€์นญ์ (Time-symmetric)์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์™œ ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜ค์ง ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ํ๋ฅผ๊นŒ์š”? ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€์ด ๊นจ์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ถ™์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?

์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์€ ์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™(Second Law of Thermodynamics), ์ฆ‰ **์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ(Entropy)**์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œ๋„๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฑธ์Œ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ **์–‘์ž ์–ฝํž˜(Quantum Entanglement)**๊ณผ **๊ฒฐ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚จ(Decoherence)**์—์„œ ๊ทธ ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–‘์ž ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํฉ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”(Irreversible) ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™”์‚ด์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์ฆ‰ ์–‘์ž ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์†์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฐ์ธ๋˜์–ด(Baked into reality) ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‹ค์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค

์ง ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆด๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ™˜์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊นŠ์€ ์›๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ฐฝ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์ด ์‹ค์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…๋˜๋Š” ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ โ€˜์‹ค์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒโ€™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

โ€œ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™”์‚ด์ด ์‹ค์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋„ ์‹ค์žฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒด์…” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ(๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ)๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง“๋Š” ๊ณ ์–‘์ด(์‹œ๊ฐ„)๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .โ€

์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์ธ ๋น…๋ฑ…(Big Bang)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ด ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ •์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ด ์ด โ€˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œโ€™๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ํ’€์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋‹ต์— ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


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โ€๋ผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ด์ฐŒ์›Œ ๋„์‚ดํ•˜๋ผโ€ : ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“œ๋Š” ์ง€๋Šฅํ˜• ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ, โ€˜์Šค์บ  ์‚ฐ์—…โ€™์˜ ๋ฏผ๋‚ฏ

์ง€๋‚œ 1์›”, ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ์‹œ(Chen Xi)๊ฐ€ ์ฒดํฌ๋˜์–ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ์†กํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„์—์„œ ์†๊ผฝํžˆ๋Š” ์ž์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์ด์ž ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๋‚ธ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค๋งจ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ƒ์€ ๋‹ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง€์ฃผํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ โ€˜์ดˆ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์กฐ์งโ€™์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋ˆ์„ธํƒ ํ˜์˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ 150์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ(์•ฝ 20์กฐ ์›) ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ๋ฅผ ์••์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ˆ์€ ์–ด๋””์„œ ๋‚˜์™”์„๊นŒ์š”? ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐํ›„์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” **โ€˜๋ผ์ง€ ๋„์‚ด(Pig Butchering)โ€˜**์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž”ํ˜นํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ผ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋„์‚ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ์‚ด์„ ์ฐŒ์šฐ๋“ฏ, ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์™€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์›” ํ˜น์€ ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์Œ“์€ ๋’ค ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ „ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ฑ„๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ผํƒˆ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ์กฐ ์›์ด ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๊ตํ•œ โ€˜๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์‚ฐ์—…โ€™์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏน์Šค ๋ผ๋””์˜ค(Freakonomics Radio)๊ฐ€ ํŒŒํ—ค์นœ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์‹คํƒœ์™€ ๊ทธ ์†์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


1. ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ โ€˜์‚ฐ์—…โ€™์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?

์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ โ€œ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ , ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์น˜์—ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…โ€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์ˆ˜์ต์€ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์•ฝ 190์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์บ„๋ณด๋””์•„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ด์ƒ์‚ฐ(GDP)์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์— ์œก๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณธ๋œจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๋ถ„์—…ํ™”๋œ ์กฐ์ง: ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ํŒ€, IT ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํŒ€, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ธ์‚ฌ(HR) ๋ถ€์„œ์™€ ๋ฒ•๋ฌดํŒ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • A/B ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ: ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์‘๋‹ต๋ฅ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ธ์  ์ž์› ๊ด€๋ฆฌ: ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ• ๋‹น๋Ÿ‰(Quota)์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์ ์„ ์••๋ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ธ์‹ ๋งค๋งค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ๋ ค์˜จ โ€˜๊ฐ•์ œ ๋…ธ๋™์žโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2. ์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?

๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ๋„ค์†Œํƒ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๋…ธ๋…„ํ•™์ž ๋งˆํ‹ฐ ๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ(Marty De Lima) ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ์ธ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ํ†ต๋…์„ ์ •๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ํƒ€๊ฒŸํŒ…์˜ ์ฐจ์ด

  • ์ฒญ๋…„์ธต: ๊ฐ€์งœ ๊ตฌ์ธ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋‚˜ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์‡ผํ•‘ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ค‘์žฅ๋…„์ธต: ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ํ”ผํ•ด ์‹ ๊ณ ์œจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๊ณ ๋ น์ธต: ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ง€์›(Tech Support) ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๋ณต๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ‘œ์ ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ น์ธต์€ ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 1์ธ๋‹น ํ”ผํ•ด ์•ก์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ธ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ—ˆ์ : ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 1 vs ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 2

์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 1: ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ง๊ด€์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์ •์ ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ (๋ณธ๋Šฅ)
  • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 2: ๋А๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„์„์ ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ (์ด์„ฑ)

์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ โ€˜์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 2โ€™๋ฅผ ๋„๊ณ  โ€˜์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 1โ€™๋กœ๋งŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ โ€˜์ •์„œ์  ๊ฐ์„ฑ(Emotional Arousal)โ€™ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๊ธ์ •์  ์ž๊ทน: โ€œ๋‹น์‹ ๋งŒ ์•„๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž ๊ธฐํšŒโ€, โ€œ์šด๋ช…์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘โ€ (ํƒ์š•๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ)
  • ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ž๊ทน: โ€œ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ ์กฐ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ฒดํฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€, โ€œ๊ณ„์ขŒ๊ฐ€ ๋™๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹คโ€ (๊ณตํฌ์™€ ์‹œ๊ธ‰์„ฑ)

์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ณตํฌ๋‚˜ ํฅ๋ถ„ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋น ์ง€๋ฉด, ํ‰์†Œ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ โ€œ์€ํ–‰์—์„œ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค€๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ์ผ๋‹จ ๋ฏฟ์žโ€๋ผ๋Š” ์‹์˜ ์ง€๋ฆ„๊ธธ(Heuristic)์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

3. AI๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ๋“ค

๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งž์ถค๋ฒ•์ด ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ(AI)์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์–ธ์–ด ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด: ์ฑ—GPT(ChatGPT) ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์–ธ์–ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋งํˆฌ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๋”ฅํŽ˜์ดํฌ์™€ ์Œ์„ฑ ๋ณต์ œ: ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ œํ•ด ๋‚ฉ์น˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์—ฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์˜์ƒ ํ†ตํ™” ์ค‘์— ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์น˜๊ธฐํ•ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ž๋™ํ™”๋œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ: ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์ œ๋Š” AI๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์–ต ๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๋œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‘๋‹ต๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€์‹  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

4. ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์˜ โ€˜์นจ๋ฌตํ•˜๋Š” ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญโ€™

๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฒˆ์ฐฝ ๋’ค์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ IT ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๋„ ์ ์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์ง€์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํƒ€(Meta, ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ๊ณผ ์ธ์Šคํƒ€๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋ชจํšŒ์‚ฌ)์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ฌธ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋งค์ถœ์˜ ์•ฝ 10%๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋‚˜ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ถ„์„๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋“œ ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” โ€œ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์ •์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ๋น„์šฉ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์„œ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ผฌ์ง‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ์„ ์›๋งํ•œ ๋’ค, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ โ€œ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ณด ๊ฐ™์•„์„œ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹คโ€๋ฉฐ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ํƒ“ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

5. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?

์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ˆ์„ ์žƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด โ€˜๋ฐฐ์‹  ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ(Betrayal Trauma)โ€˜๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋ฅผ ์ž์‚ด๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„๋„ฃ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” **โ€˜์Šค์บ  ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธโ€™**๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  1. ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜๋ผ: ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ, ๋ฌธ์ž, ์ „ํ™” ๋“ฑ ๋จผ์ € ์ฐพ์•„์˜จ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์€ ์ผ๋‹จ โ€˜๊ฐ€์งœโ€™์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  2. ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ผ: ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋งํฌ๋‚˜ ์ „ํ™”๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ๊ณต์‹ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•ด ์ ‘์†ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ณต์‹ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์„ผํ„ฐ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด ํ™•์ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  3. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์••๋ฐ•์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋ผ: โ€œ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅโ€์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด 99% ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  4. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์‹ ํ™”์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋ผ: ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ์ด ๋‚ด ์ด๋ฆ„, ์ฃผ์†Œ, ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ ๋’ท์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ง์›์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์–ด๋‘ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์—์„œ โ€˜์ตœ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ž…์ฐฐ์žโ€™์—๊ฒŒ ํŒ”๋ ค ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ์˜ ์ „์Ÿ

์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ๋ชจ๋“  ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒโ€์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ์ž์‚ฐ์ธ โ€˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‹ ๋ขฐโ€™๋ฅผ ๊ฐ‰์•„๋จน์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ด์ œ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฃผ์˜๋ ฅ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ , ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๊ณต์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋•๋Š” ๋งŒํผ, ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„๋‚ด๋Š” AI ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋ฅผ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” โ€˜๋ฉ์ฒญํ•ด์„œ ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒโ€™์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, โ€˜์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๋ซโ€™์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


โ€œDylan Patel โ€” The Single Biggest Bottleneck to Scaling AI Computeโ€ โ€” Dwarkesh Patel ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ณธ ์˜์ƒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ

[์ธ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ] 600์กฐ ์›์˜ ๋ฒ ํŒ…, ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ โ€˜์ง„์งœ ๋ณ‘๋ชฉโ€™์€ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์žˆ๋‹ค: ๋”œ๋Ÿฐ ํŒŒํ…”์ด ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” AI ์ปดํ“จํŒ…์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜

์„œ๋ก : ์กฐ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๋Š” AI ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด

์ตœ๊ทผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ, ๊ตฌ๊ธ€, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€, ์•„๋งˆ์กด ๋“ฑ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” โ€˜๋น…4โ€™ ํ…Œํฌ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ์˜ฌํ•ด ์Ÿ์•„๋ถ“๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ์ž๋ณธ ์ง€์ถœ(CapEx) ์ด์•ก์€ ๋ฌด๋ ค 6,000์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ(์•ฝ 800์กฐ ์›)์— ๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์˜คํ”ˆAI(OpenAI)์™€ ์•ค์Šค๋กœํ”ฝ(Anthropic) ๊ฐ™์€ AI ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์กฐ๋‹ฌํ•œ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ ์ธ ํˆฌ์ž๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋”ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ฐ”์•ผํ๋กœ โ€˜์กฐ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌโ€™์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ˆ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ AI์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ๋ฌดํ•œ์ • ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”? ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์ „๋ฌธ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ โ€˜์„ธ๋ฏธ์•„๋‚ ๋ฆฌ์‹œ์Šค(SemiAnalysis)โ€˜์˜ CEO ๋”œ๋Ÿฐ ํŒŒํ…”(Dylan Patel)์€ ๋‹จํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ โ€œ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜คโ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“œ์™€๋ฅด์ผ€์‹œ ํŒŒํ…”(Dwarkesh Patel)๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ด์—์„œ, ๋ˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฌด์„œ์šด โ€˜๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„โ€™์™€ โ€˜๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ชฉ ํ˜„์ƒโ€™์ด AI ํ™•์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ชฉ์„ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


1. ๋ˆ์€ ๋ƒˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ „๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„์ง์ด๋‹ค: 6,000์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํ–‰๋ฐฉ

๋น…ํ…Œํฌ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ 6,000์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์•ก์€ ๋‹น์žฅ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์นฉ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”œ๋Ÿฐ ํŒŒํ…”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ด ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ **โ€˜๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์„ ์ โ€™**์— ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์ธํ”„๋ผ ์„ ์ : ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์ด ์ง€์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ค‘ ์ƒ๋‹น์•ก์€ 2028๋…„๊ณผ 2029๋…„์— ๊ฐ€๋™๋  ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ํ„ฐ๋นˆ ์˜ˆ์•ฝ๊ธˆ, 2027๋…„ ์™„๊ณต๋  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ฑด์„ค๋น„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ๋งค ๊ณ„์•ฝ(PPA)์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์ถ”๋ก (Inference)์˜ ๋Šช: ์•ค์Šค๋กœํ”ฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๋งค์ถœ์„ 60์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ โ€˜์ถ”๋ก ์šฉ ์ปดํ“จํŒ…โ€™ ๋น„์šฉ๋งŒ ์•ฝ 40์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋งค์ถœ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ๊ณง ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ์„ค์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋งค๋…„ ์ˆ˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์™€ํŠธ(GW)๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

2. โ€˜๊ณต๊ฒฉ์  ๋ฒ ํŒ…โ€™์˜ ์˜คํ”ˆAI vs โ€˜์›์น™์  ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ฃผ์˜โ€™์˜ ์•ค์Šค๋กœํ”ฝ

๋”œ๋Ÿฐ ํŒŒํ…”์€ ๋‘ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ AI ๋žฉ์˜ ์ „๋žต ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ŠนํŒจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์˜คํ”ˆAI์˜ โ€˜YOLOโ€™ ์ „๋žต: ์ƒ˜ ์˜ฌํŠธ๋จผ์€ ๋ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋“  ์—†๋“  ์ผ๋‹จ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ผํด(Oracle), ์ฝ”์–ด์œ„๋ธŒ(CoreWeave), ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ฑด์„ค ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋ฑ…ํฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€๋„ ์†์„ ์žก์œผ๋ฉฐ ์••๋„์ ์ธ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ์ž์›์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ์•ค์Šค๋กœํ”ฝ์˜ ์‹ ์ค‘๋ก : ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์˜ค ์•„๋ชจ๋ฐ์ด(Dario Amodei) CEO๋Š” ํŒŒ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ โ€˜์ปดํ“จํŒ… ๋ถ€์กฑโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ฉ”๋ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋’ค๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋ ค๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ, ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ•œ ์—…์ฒด๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋น„์‹ผ โ€˜์ŠคํŒŸ(Spot)โ€™ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋–ผ์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํŒ…์„ ๋นŒ๋ ค ์จ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

3. ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ์—ญ์„ค: โ€œ์ค‘๊ณ  GPU๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋น„์‹ธ์ง€๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒโ€

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฝ(๊ฐ๊ฐ€์ƒ๊ฐ)ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ AI ์นฉ, ํŠนํžˆ ์—”๋น„๋””์•„(NVIDIA)์˜ H100์€ ์ •๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๋ชจ๋ธ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•: ๋ชจ๋ธ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ(์˜ˆ: GPT-4์—์„œ GPT-5.4๋กœ), ๊ฐ™์€ H100 ์นฉ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ† ํฐ(Token)์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ปค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์นฉ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์นฉ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” โ€˜์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜โ€™๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์นฉ์˜ ๋ชธ๊ฐ’๋„ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๊ธด ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ฃผ๊ธฐ: ๋น„๊ด€๋ก ์ž๋“ค์€ GPU ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด 2~3๋…„์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋”œ๋Ÿฐ์€ AI ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ 5๋…„ ์ „ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ A100์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ โ€˜๊ท€ํ•˜์‹  ๋ชธโ€™ ๋Œ€์ ‘์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

4. ์ตœ์ข… ๋ณด์Šค, ASML๊ณผ EUV: ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข์€ ๋ณ‘๋ชฉ

๋”œ๋Ÿฐ ํŒŒํ…”์ด ๊ผฝ์€ AI ํ™•์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋ณ‘๋ชฉ์€ ์ „๋ ฅ๋„, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ **โ€˜๋…ธ๊ด‘ ์žฅ๋น„(Lithography)โ€˜**์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • EUV์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„: ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ธ ASML์˜ EUV(๊ทน์ž์™ธ์„ ) ๋…ธ๊ด‘ ์žฅ๋น„๋Š” 1๋…„์— ๊ณ ์ž‘ 70~80๋Œ€ ์ •๋„๋งŒ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 2030๋…„์ด ๋˜์–ด๋„ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ 100๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋„˜๊ธธ ์ „๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์™€ํŠธ๋‹น ์žฅ๋น„ ์ˆ˜: 1๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์™€ํŠธ(GW) ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์‹  ์—”๋น„๋””์•„ ๋ฃจ๋นˆ(Rubin) ์นฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์šฐ๋ ค๋ฉด ์•ฝ 3.5๋Œ€์˜ EUV ์žฅ๋น„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ˜ ์˜ฌํŠธ๋จผ์ด ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋Š” โ€˜๋งค์ฃผ 1๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์™€ํŠธ ์ฆ์„คโ€™์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ EUV ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 25% ์ด์ƒ์„ ํ˜ผ์ž ๋…์ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  • ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ง์„ฑ: ASML ์žฅ๋น„์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ด‘์›(Cymer), ๋ Œ์ฆˆ(Carl Zeiss) ๋“ฑ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์€ ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ, ์„ธ ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ AI์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์†๋„๋Š” ASML์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋А๋ƒ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋Š” ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

5. ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ: ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์€ ์™œ โ€˜ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์œ„โ€™๋ฅผ ํŒ”์•˜๋‚˜?

ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์—ํ”ผ์†Œ๋“œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์€ ์ž์ฒด AI ์นฉ์ธ TPU๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” AI ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์†Œํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์€ ์•ค์Šค๋กœํ”ฝ์— ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ TPU ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํŒ๋งคํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋งค์ถœ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ๋”ฅ๋งˆ์ธ๋“œ(DeepMind) ํŒ€์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์“ธ ์ปดํ“จํŒ… ์ž์›์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์•…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ค์Šค๋กœํ”ฝ์ด ๊ตฌ๊ธ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋จผ์ € โ€˜์ปดํ“จํŒ…์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜โ€™๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ์ž์›์„ ์„ ์ ํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์€ ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํƒœ์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ์นฉ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์‚ฌํ™œ์„ ๊ฑธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ œ์กฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋‹ค

๋”œ๋Ÿฐ ํŒŒํ…”์˜ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋˜์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. AI๋Š” ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋‚˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์˜ ์˜์—ญ์—๋งŒ ๋จธ๋ฌผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์ œ **โ€˜์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์›์ž๋ฅผ ์ •๊ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์นฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€โ€™**๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์กฐ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ž๋ณธ์ด AI๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋ ค๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๋ˆ์ด ํ†ต๊ณผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฌธ์€ ASML์˜ ์ข์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ผ์ธ๊ณผ ํ•œ์ •๋œ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ 5๋…„, AI ์Šน์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋ง์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ๋šซ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


โ€œUnder Secretary of War on Iran, Anthropic and the AI Battle Inside the Pentagon | The a16z Showโ€ โ€” a16z ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ณธ ์˜์ƒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ

โ€ํŽœํƒ€๊ณค์˜ ์˜ํ˜ผ์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋งก๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹คโ€ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ CTO๊ฐ€ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” AI ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ง‰

๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€(DoD)๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์œ ๋ก€์—†๋Š” ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ๊ธด์žฅ๊ฐ ์†์— ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ(AI)์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” โ€˜๋ฒ”์šฉ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ(AGI)โ€™ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ, ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์„ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽœํƒ€๊ณค ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์—†๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ **โ€˜์ „์‹œ ์†๋„(Wartime Speed)โ€˜**๋กœ์˜ ์ฒด์งˆ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋ฏธ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ˆ˜์žฅ(CTO)์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์‹ ํ•œ **์ƒค๋ฆฌํ”„ ๋งˆ๋ฝ๋น„(Shereef Marakby)**๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ โ€˜a16z ์‡ผโ€™์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ, ํŽœํƒ€๊ณค์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ AI ๋„์ž…์˜ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ๊ณผ ์•ค์Šค๋กœํ”ฝ(Anthropic) ๋“ฑ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๊ธด๋ฐ•ํ•œ ๋น„ํ•˜์ธ๋“œ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ ์—†์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


1. โ€œํ‰์‹œ์˜ ์†๋„๋Š” ๋๋‚ฌ๋‹คโ€ : ํŽœํƒ€๊ณค์— ๋‹ฅ์นœ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ

๋งˆ๋ฝ๋น„ CTO๋Š” ๋ถ€์ž„ ์งํ›„ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์˜ ํ˜์‹  ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ„ฑ์—†์ด ๋’ค์ฒ˜์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ง์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ **โ€œ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋น„ ์ฆ


โ€œLouise Erdrich on Her New Story Collection and the Mystery of Writingโ€ โ€” New York Times Podcasts ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์›๋ณธ ์˜์ƒ ๋ณด๊ธฐ

[์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ] ๋ฃจ์ด์ฆˆ ์–ด๋“œ๋ฆฌํฌ, ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ๊ธธ์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ โ€˜๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ ๋น„โ€™

ํ’€๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜์ƒ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฏธ๋„์„œ์ƒ์„ ์„๊ถŒํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ๊ฑฐ์žฅ, ๋ฃจ์ด์ฆˆ ์–ด๋“œ๋ฆฌํฌ(Louise Erdrich)๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ž‘ ๋‹จํŽธ ์†Œ์„ค์ง‘ ใ€ŽํŒŒ์ด์ฌ์˜ ํ‚ค์Šค(Pythonโ€™s Kiss)ใ€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. 1984๋…„ ๋ฐ๋ท”์ž‘ ใ€Ž์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ์•ฝ(Love Medicine)ใ€ ์ดํ›„ ์†Œ์„ค, ์‹œ, ๋…ผํ”ฝ์…˜, ์•„๋™๋ฌธํ•™๊นŒ์ง€ ์žฅ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“ค๋ฉฐ 20์—ฌ ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ฑ…์„ ํŽด๋‚ธ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ช…์‹ค์ƒ๋ถ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ•™์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋‹ค. ๋‰ด์š•ํƒ€์ž„์Šค(NYT) ํŒŸ์บ์ŠคํŠธ์— ์ถœ์—ฐํ•œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” 20๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์†Œ์„ค์ง‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ ๋„ ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šด ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ†ต์ฐฐ์„ ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.


10ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ 8๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, โ€˜ํฌ๋ณตโ€™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ

์–ด๋“œ๋ฆฌํฌ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์†๋„์™€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์†Œ์„ค์ง‘์— ์ˆ˜๋ก๋œ ใ€Œ๋‚ด ์ƒ์• ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘(The Love of My Days)ใ€์€ ๋‹จ 10ํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์™„์„ฑ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฌด๋ ค 8๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ **โ€˜์ˆฒ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ธ์˜ ํฌ๋ณต(Army crawl)โ€˜**์— ๋น„์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

โ€œ์ธ๋‚ด์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์— ๊ฐ€๊น์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ํžˆ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค ๋ฌธ๋“ ๋ณด์ƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ํ•˜๋‚˜, ๋ฌธ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์•„์˜ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚š์—ฌ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ฃ .โ€

๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธํŠธ์™€ ์ข…์ด ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ํŽผ์ณ๋†“๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ด ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์˜ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ข…์ด ๋ญ‰์น˜๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ฉฐ ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋“œ๋ฆฌํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋นš์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๋‹ค.

์†Œ์„ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์„ ์–ธํ•œ๋‹ค: ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„  ์˜์—ญ

๋งŽ์€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๋ฅด๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง‘ํ•„์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ด๋“œ๋ฆฌํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” โ€˜์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์กด์žฌโ€™๋‹ค.

โ€œ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€์ง€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์„ค(Novel)์ด ๋  ์šด๋ช…์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ณ„์† ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๋‹จํŽธ(Short Story)์ด๋ผ๋ฉด 15~20ํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜์ฃ . ์ œ ์˜์ง€๋‚˜ ํ†ต์ œ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€

๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ์—, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํŽธ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด โ€˜๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐโ€™์˜€์Œ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋ฉฐ, ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์จ์˜จ ์ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

ํ•ต ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์˜†์—์„œ ์ž๋ž€ ์†Œ๋…€์˜ ๊ณตํฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋ก

์–ด๋“œ๋ฆฌํฌ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์  ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋…ธ์Šค๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๋งž๋‹ฟ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 5ํ•™๋…„ ๋•Œ ์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์  ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ์˜ํ™” <ํ˜น์„ฑํƒˆ์ถœ(Planet of the Apes)>์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

โ€œ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ•ต์ „์Ÿ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Œ์„ ์ง๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๋˜ ๋…ธ์Šค๋‹ค์ฝ”ํƒ€๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ 3์œ„์˜ ํ•ต ๊ฐ•๊ตญ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆด ๋งŒํผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๊ฐ„ํƒ„๋„๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ(ICBM) ๊ธฐ์ง€๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์„ โ€˜๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ํฌ์ƒ ์ง€์—ญโ€™์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์ดํ•œ ์ž๋ถ€์‹ฌ์„ ๋А๋ผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€

์ „์Ÿ์ด ํ„ฐ์ง€๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ํŒŒ๊ดด๋  ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ž๋ž€ ์†Œ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ์••๋„์ ์ธ ๊ณตํฌ์˜€๊ณ , ์ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ ˆ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„์˜€๋‹ค.

๊ฑฐ์žฅ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ: ์ฒดํ˜ธํ”„์—์„œ ๋กœ๋Ÿฐ ๊ทธ๋กœํ”„๊นŒ์ง€

๋‹จํŽธ ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ๊ฑฐ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์กด๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‹จ์—ฐ **์•ˆํ†ค ์ฒดํ˜ธํ”„(Anton Chekhov)**๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์˜๊ฐ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฒดํ˜ธํ”„์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง€ ์†๋”์Šค(George Saunders)์™€ ๋กœ๋Ÿฐ ๊ทธ๋กœํ”„(Lauren Groff)๋ฅผ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

ํŠนํžˆ ๋กœ๋Ÿฐ ๊ทธ๋กœํ”„์˜ ๋‹จํŽธ ใ€Œ๋ธŒ๋กค๋Ÿฌ(Brawler)ใ€๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ  ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜๋ ธ๋˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์†Œ์„ค ์† โ€˜์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ์˜์›…โ€™์ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค ์• ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์—์„œ ๊นŠ์€ ์ •์„œ์  ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์ž์‹ ์ด ์“ด ๊ธ€์— ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜๋ฆด ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ด ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ฐ€์ธ ์ €์กฐ์ฐจ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์›€์ด ๊ธ€์„ ๊ณ„์† ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€

์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ํญ๋ฐœ์  ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ โ€˜๋ฒ„์น˜๋ฐ”ํฌ ๋ถ์Šคโ€™

์–ด๋“œ๋ฆฌํฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋‹ˆ์• ํด๋ฆฌ์Šค์—์„œ โ€˜๋ฒ„์น˜๋ฐ”ํฌ ๋ถ์Šค(Birchbark Books)โ€˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ ์„œ์ ์„ 25๋…„์งธ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งˆ์กด์˜ ๊ณต์„ธ ์†์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ์ด ์„œ์ ์€ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์ง€ํ˜• ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‚ฐ์ฆ์ธ์ด๋‹ค.

โ€œ์ฒ˜์Œ ์„œ์ ์„ ์—ด์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋งˆ์ €๋„ ๋น„์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์“ด ์ฑ…๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์„œ์  ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ฌธํ•™์ด ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€

๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ œ์ž„์Šค ์›ฐ์น˜(James Welch)์˜ ใ€Ž์œˆํ„ฐ ์ธ ๋” ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ๋“œ(Winter in the Blood)ใ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์จ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ•™์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ™œ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋„ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

์ฝ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€: ๋ถˆ๋ฉด์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์‹ ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€

์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ๋ง๋ฏธ, ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋…์„œ ์ทจํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ ์—†์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋…ํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋ฉด์ฆ์„ ์•“๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•œ ์ฑ…์€ 1,000๋…„ ์ „ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•„์ง‘์ธ ์„ธ์ด ์‡ผ๋‚˜๊ณค์˜ **ใ€Ž๋งˆ์ฟ ๋ผ๋…ธ์†Œ์‹œ(The Pillow Book)ใ€**๋‹ค. โ€œ๋‹จํŽธ์ ์ธ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์ž ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์ „ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ์— ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๋‹คโ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์ด๋‹ค.

๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง์—…๋ณ‘๋„ ๊ณ ๋ฐฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์žฅ์—์„œ โ€˜๋‚„๋‚„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค(giggle)โ€˜๋‚˜ โ€˜ํ—๋–ก์ด๋‹ค(gasp)โ€™ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํˆฌ์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์ฐจ ์—†์ด ์ฑ…์„ ๋ฎ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š”, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„œ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜์™ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ใ€Ž๊ณจํ”„์žฅ์„ ๊ณต๊ณต ์„น์Šค ์ˆฒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ž(Make the Golf Course a Public Sex Forest)ใ€๋ผ๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ์—์„ธ์ด์ง‘์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ด ์›ƒ์Œ์„ ์ž์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฃจ์ด์ฆˆ ์–ด๋“œ๋ฆฌํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ’€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์— ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ ํ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์—ฌ์ •์€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์ €๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.โ€